The Modern Civil Rights Movement

1. The Modern Civil Rights Movement The Modern Civil Rights Movement

2. Herman Talmadge • Governor of GA • Restructured highway department • Segregationist • Created Georgia Forestry Commission • Best Known For-Passed Minimum Foundation Program for Education act – Extended schools to 9 months, raised standards for curriculum, transportation and buildings. • Elected to US senate • Served from 1956-81 • Herman Talmadge

3. Benjamin Mays • Civil Rights Leader • Teacher and mentor to MLK Jr. • Became a member of the city’s Board of Education • President of Morehouse College • Benjamin Mays

4. White Primaries and County Unit • White people got to pick the candidate to run for office • The county unit system allowed the counties to each have a vote • The popular vote did not determine the official

5. Reapportionment • The County Unit System deemed unconstitutional in 1963 • One Person, One Vote Concept • Reapportionment- redrawing voting districts to ensure districts were of equal population size • Shift of power from rural to urban

6. 1946 Governors Race and End of White Primaries • Democratic Primary • Eugene Talmadge • Eurith Rivers • James Carmichael • Carmichael wins popular vote • Talmadge wins the county unit vote • Talmadge becomes gov • Talmadge dies and his son Herman Talmadge becomes gov • Bypassing Melvin Thompson the vice govenor • Herman locks himself in office declares himself governor • Thompson eventually becomes gov.

7. Brown v. Board of Education • 1950 7 year old (African American) Linda Brown tries to enroll in a white school in Topeka Kansas • Denied • NAACP and father sue • 1954 Separate-but-Equal was found Unconstitutional • Plessy v. Ferguson overturned • Schools must now desegregate

8. Martin Luther King, Jr. • Preacher • Lived in Atlanta • Attended Booker T. Washington Highschool • 1944 entered Morehouse College • 1947 ordained at Ebenezer Baptist Church • 1948 earned doctorate from Boston University

9. Martin Luther King, Jr. • Developed non-violent social change • 4 prong approach to gaining civil rights • 1. non-violent action • 2. legal remedies • 3. ballots • 4. economic boycott

10. Martin Luther King Jr. • Boycott business • Lunch Counter Sit ins • 1964 awarded Nobel Prize for actions • 1965 led march in Selma, Alabama to support voting rights • Pushed congress to pass the Voting Rights Act of 1965 – African guaranteed right to vote • April 4th, 1968, James Earl Ray shot and killed King.

11. 1956 State Flag • Georgia changes its flag to include the Confederacy • Many upset • Symbolizes the old racist south • Others want to keep Georgia history alive • Changed in 2003

12. Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) • Pronounced “snick” • Led by John Lewis • Students who fought for rights using non-violence • Conducted Sit ins- sit down and refuse to move, boycotts of businesses that wouldn’t serve blacks • Helped register blacks to vote

13. Sibley Commission • Public hearings to see how people in GA felt about integration • 2 out of 3 Georgians would rather see schools closed than integrated • Districts could choose if they wanted to integrate • Private schools are created

14. Hamilton Holmes and Charlayne Hunter to UGA • UGA’s first black students • Gov. Vandiver allowed it • Charlayne Hunter becomes famous Newspaper & TV reporter • Hamilton Holmes becomes Phi Beta Kappa • Becomes Orthopedic Surgeon • Dies in 1995

15. Albany Movement • 6 years after Brown v. Board Albany still segregated • “freedom riders” arrive to support • Albany Movement created to desegregate and get Africans to vote • People arrested and jailed • MLK Jr. comes and works for the release of jailed protesters

16. March on Washington • August 28, 1963 • Political rally • Theme “jobs, justice and peace” • 80% african 20% white • King gives “I have a dream” speech

17. Civil Rights Act • 1964 • Federal Government could withhold federal money if they do not desegregate • Desegregated all public facilities • Restaurants • Theaters • Hotels • Public recreation areas • Schools • Libraries

18. Election of Maynard Jackson as Mayor of Atlanta • 1st African American Mayor of southern city • Served 8 years • Morehouse Graduate • Expanded the Atlanta Airport • Brought Olympics to GA • African American business thrived

19. Lester Maddox • 1967 elected gov. • Segregationalist • Restaurant owner- closed rather than desegregate • Reformed prisons • Appointed blacks to government positions • Improved education • Improved education-increased teacher salaries and higher education

20. Andrew Young & Georgia • Civil Rights leader • Marched in Civil Rights Movement • Pastor • 1st African American to serve in U.S. House of Representative since Reconstruction • Mayor of Atlanta after Jackson • U.S. Ambassador to the UN • 1981 elected mayor • Brought Olympics to GA • Revamped Atlanta Zoo • Reelected by 80% vote

21. Summary • What were the major developments in civil rights and Georgia’s role during the 1940s and 1950s; include the roles of Herman Talmadge, Benjamin Mays, the 1946 governor’s race and the end of the white primary and reapportionment, Brown v. Board of Education, Martin Luther King, Jr., and the 1956 state flag. • What role did Georgia and prominent Georgians played in the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s and 1970s; include such events as the founding of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), Sibley Commission, admission of Hamilton Holmes and Charlayne Hunter to the University of Georgia, Albany Movement, March on Washington, Civil Rights Act, the election of Maynard Jackson as mayor of Atlanta, and the role of Lester Maddox. • What impact did Andrew Young have on Georgia?