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Chapter #8

Chapter #8. Chemical Composition. The Chemical Package. About Packages. The baker uses a package called the dozen. All dozen packages contain 12 objects. The stationary store uses a package called a ream, which contains 500 sheets of paper. So what is the chemistry package?.

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Chapter #8

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  1. Chapter #8 Chemical Composition

  2. The Chemical Package About Packages • The baker uses a package called the dozen. All dozen packages contain 12 objects. • The stationary store uses a package called a ream, which contains 500 sheets of paper. • So what is the chemistry package?

  3. The Chemical Package About Packages • The baker uses a package called the dozen. All dozen packages contain 12 objects. • The stationary store uses a package called a ream, which contains 500 sheets of paper. • So what is the chemistry package? Well, it is called the mole (Latin for heap). Each of the above packages contain a number of objects that are convenient to work with, for that particular discipline.

  4. The Mole A mole contains 6.022X1023 particles, which is the number of carbon-12 atoms that will give a mass of 12.00 grams, which is a convenient number of atoms to work with in the chemistry laboratory. The atomic weights listed on the periodic chart are the weights of a mole of atoms. For example a mole of hydrogen atoms weighs 1.00797 g and a mole of carbon atoms weighs 12.01 g.

  5. Moles of Objects Suppose we order a mole of marshmallows for a chemistry party. How much space here at Central would be required to store the marshmallows?

  6. Moles of Objects Suppose we order a mole of marshmallows for a chemistry party. How much space here at Central would be required to store the marshmallows? Would cover the entire 50 states 60 miles deep

  7. Moles of Objects Suppose we order a mole of marshmallows for a chemistry party. How much space here at Central would be required to store the marshmallows? Would cover the entire 50 states 60 miles deep How about a mole of computer paper instead of a ream of computer paper, how far would that stretch?

  8. Moles of Objects Suppose we order a mole of marshmallows for a chemistry party. How much space here at Central would be required to store the marshmallows? Would cover the entire 50 states 60 miles deep How about a mole of computer paper instead of a ream of computer paper, how far would that stretch? Way past the planet Pluto!

  9. Formula Weight Calculation To calculate the molar mass of a compound we sum together the atomic weights of the atoms that make up the formula of the compound. This is called the formula weight (MW, M). Formula weights are the sum of atomic weights of atoms making up the formula. The following outlines how to find the formula weight of water symbol number weight = 2.02 1.01 2 H X 16.0 1 = X O 16.0 g/mole 18.0

  10. Percent Composition Find the formula weight and the percent composition of glucose (C6H12O6) weight number symbol 72.0 6 = x 12.0 C 12 = 12.12 x H 1.01 96.0 O x = 16.0 6 180.1 g/mole 72.0 40.0 %C X = %C = 180.1 12.12 6.73 %H X = %H = 180.1 96.0 53.3 %O X = %O = 180.1

  11. Percent Conversions Seawater contains approximately 3.5% NaCl by mass and has a density of 1.02 g/mL. What volume of seawater would be required to produce 1.0 g of NaCl when evaporated?

  12. Percent Conversions Seawater contains approximately 3.5% NaCl by mass and has a density of 1.02 g/mL. What volume of seawater would be required to produce 1.0 g of NaCl when evaporated? mL seawater 1.02 g seawater

  13. Percent Conversions Seawater contains approximately 3.5% NaCl by mass and has a density of 1.02 g/mL. What volume of seawater would be required to produce 1.0 g of NaCl when evaporated? mL seawater 100 g seawater 1.02 g seawater 3.5 g NaCl

  14. Percent Conversions Seawater contains approximately 3.5% NaCl by mass and has a density of 1.02 g/mL. What volume of seawater would be required to produce 1.0 g of NaCl when evaporated? mL seawater 1.00 g NaCl 100 g seawater 1.02 g seawater 3.5 g NaCl

  15. Percent Conversions Seawater contains approximately 3.5% NaCl by mass and has a density of 1.02 g/mL. What volume of seawater would be required to produce 1.0 g of NaCl when evaporated? mL seawater 1.00 g NaCl 100 g seawater = 28 mL 1.02 g seawater 3.5 g NaCl

  16. Mole Concepts A mole of glucose (C6H12O6) contains 6.022 X 1023 molecules of glucose. And 6 X 6.022 X 1023 atoms of C. Since a mole is 6.022 X 1023 particles then a mole of glucose must contain 6 moles of C atoms. How many moles of hydrogen atoms are contained in a mole of glucose? In 5 moles of H2SO4 how many moles of oxygen atoms is there?

  17. Mole Concepts A mole of glucose (C6H12O6) contains 6.022 X 1023 molecules of glucose. And 6 X 6.022 X 1023 atoms of C. Since a mole is 6.022 X 1023 particles then a mole of glucose must contain 6 moles of C atoms. How many moles of hydrogen atoms are contained in a mole of glucose? 12 Moles of hydrogen. How many moles of oxygen and hydrogen are in one mole of H2O contains:

  18. Mole Concepts A mole of glucose (C6H12O6) contains 6.022 X 1023 molecules of glucose. And 6 X 6.022 X 1023 atoms of C. Since a mole is 6.022 X 1023 particles then a mole of glucose must contain 6 moles of C atoms. How many moles of hydrogen atoms are contained in a mole of glucose? 12 Moles of hydrogen. How many moles of oxygen and hydrogen are in one mole of H2O contains: One mole of oxygen atoms Two moles of hydrogen atoms

  19. Mole Concepts A mole of glucose (C6H12O6) contains 6.022 X 1023 molecules of glucose. And 6 X 6.022 X 1023 atoms of C. Since a mole is 6.022 X 1023 particles then a mole of glucose must contain 6 moles of C atoms. How many moles of hydrogen atoms are contained in a mole of glucose? 12 Moles of hydrogen. How many moles of oxygen and hydrogen are in one mole of H2O contains: One mole of oxygen atoms Two moles of hydrogen atoms In 5 moles of H2SO4 how many moles of oxygen atoms are there?

  20. Mole Concepts A mole of glucose (C6H12O6) contains 6.022 X 1023 molecules of glucose. And 6 X 6.022 X 1023 atoms of C. Since a mole is 6.022 X 1023 particles then a mole of glucose must contain 6 moles of C atoms. How many moles of hydrogen atoms are contained in a mole of glucose? 12 Moles of hydrogen. How many moles of oxygen and hydrogen are in one mole of H2O contains: One mole of oxygen atoms Two moles of hydrogen atoms In 5 moles of H2SO4 how many moles of oxygen atoms is there? 20 moles of O atoms.

  21. Mole Conversions In 50.0g of H2SO4 how many moles of sulfuric acid are there? 50.0g of H2SO4

  22. Mole Conversions In 50.0g of H2SO4 how many moles of sulfuric acid are there? mole H2SO4 50.0g of H2SO4 = 98.0g of H2SO4

  23. Mole Conversions In 50.0g of H2SO4 how many moles of sulfuric acid are there? mole H2SO4 50.0g of H2SO4 = 0.510 mole H2SO4 98.0g of H2SO4

  24. Mole Conversions In 50.0g of H2SO4 how many moles of oxygen atoms are there?

  25. Mole Conversions In 50.0g of H2SO4 how many moles of oxygen atoms are there? 50.0g of H2SO4 =

  26. Mole Conversions In 50.0g of H2SO4 how many moles of oxygen atoms are there? mole H2SO4 50.0g of H2SO4 = 98.0g of H2SO4

  27. Mole Conversions In 50.0g of H2SO4 how many moles of oxygen atoms are there? mole H2SO4 50.0g of H2SO4 4mole O = mole H2SO4 98.0g of H2SO4

  28. Mole Conversions In 50.0g of H2SO4 how many moles of oxygen atoms are there? mole H2SO4 50.0g of H2SO4 4mole O = 2.04 mole O mole H2SO4 98.0g of H2SO4

  29. Mole Conversions In 5 moles of H2SO4 how many atoms of oxygen are present?

  30. Mole Conversions In 5 moles of H2SO4 how many atoms of oxygen are present? 5 moles H2SO4 =

  31. Mole Conversions In 5 moles of H2SO4 how many atoms of oxygen are present? 5 moles H2SO4 4 mole O mole H2SO4

  32. Mole Conversions In 5 moles of H2SO4 how many atoms of oxygen are present? 5 moles H2SO4 6.02 x 1023 atoms O 4 mole O = mole O mole H2SO4 1.20 x 1025 atoms

  33. Empirical Formulas Empirical formula is the smallest whole number ratio between atoms and can be calculated from the percent composition. Molecular formulas happen to be the exact number of atoms making up a molecule, and may or may no be the simplest whole number ratio. Molecular formulas are whole number multiples of the empirical formula.

  34. Empirical Formula Steps • Assume 100 g of compound. • Convert percent to a mass number. • Convert the mass to moles. • Divide each mole number by the smallest mole number. • Rounding: • If the decimal is ≤ 0.1, then drop the decimals • If the decimal is ≥0.9, then round up. • All other decimal need to be multiplied by a whole number until roundable.

  35. Empirical Formula Example A compound is composed of 75.0% C and 25.0% H. Find its empirical formula. Step #1 Assume 100 g of compound 75.0 g C 25.0 g H

  36. Empirical Formula Example A compound is composed of 75.0% C and 15.0% H. Find its empirical formula. Step #2 Convert grams to moles. Mole C 75.0 g C = 6.225 mole C 12.01 g 25.0 g H Mole H = 24.802 mole H 1.008 g H

  37. Empirical Formula Example A compound is composed of 75.0% C and 15.0% H. Find its empirical formula. Step #3 Divide each mole number by the smallest. Mole C 75.0 g C = 6.225 mole C 12.01 g 25.0 g H Mole H = 24.802 mole H 1.008 g H 24.802 6.225 = 1.00 = 3.98 6.225 6.225

  38. Empirical Formula Example A compound is composed of 75.0% C and 15.0% H. Find its empirical formula. Step #4 Rounding; Decimal ≤ 0.1, drop decimals Mole C 75.0 g C = 6.225 mole C 12.01 g 25.0 g H Mole H = 24.802 mole H 1.008 g H 24.802 6.225 = 1.00 = 3.98 6.225 6.225

  39. Empirical Formula Example A compound is composed of 75.0% C and 15.0% H. Find its empirical formula. Step #4 Rounding; Decimal ≤ 0.1, drop decimals Mole C 75.0 g C = 6.225 mole C 12.01 g 25.0 g H Mole H = 24.802 mole H 1.008 g H 24.802 6.225 = 1 C = 3.98 6.225 6.225

  40. Empirical Formula Example A compound is composed of 75.0% C and 15.0% H. Find its empirical formula. Step #4 Rounding; Decimal ≥ 0.9, round up Mole C 75.0 g C = 6.225 mole C 12.01 g 25.0 g H Mole H = 24.802 mole H 1.008 g H 24.802 6.225 = 1 C = 3.98 6.225 6.225

  41. Empirical Formula Example A compound is composed of 75.0% C and 15.0% H. Find its empirical formula. Step #4 Rounding; Decimal ≥ 0.9, round up Mole C 75.0 g C = 6.225 mole C 12.01 g 25.0 g H Mole H = 24.802 mole H 1.008 g H 24.802 6.225 = 1 C = 3.98 6.225 6.225

  42. Empirical Formula Example A compound is composed of 75.0% C and 15.0% H. Find its empirical formula. Step #4 Rounding; Decimal ≥ 0.9, round up Mole C 75.0 g C = 6.225 mole C 12.01 g 25.0 g H Mole H = 24.802 mole H 1.008 g H 24.802 6.225 = 1 C = 4 H 6.225 6.225

  43. Empirical Formula Example A compound is composed of 75.0% C and 15.0% H. Find its empirical formula. Step #4 Rounding; Decimal ≥ 0.9, round up Mole C 75.0 g C = 6.225 mole C 12.01 g 25.0 g H Mole H = 24.802 mole H 1.008 g H 24.802 6.225 = 1 C = 4 H 6.225 6.225 Empirical Formula = CH4

  44. Molecular Formulas Empirical formula, is the smallest ratio between atoms in a molecular or formula unit. Molecular formula, is the exact number of atoms in a molecule; a whole number multiple of an empirical formula

  45. Possible Molecular Formulas Assume an empirical formula of C3H5O Integer Molecular Formula Empirical formula C3H5O C3H5O 1 2 3 4 5 C3H5O C3H5O C3H5O C3H5O

  46. Possible Molecular Formulas Assume an empirical formula of C3H5O Integer Molecular Formula Empirical formula C3H5O C3H5O 1 2 3 4 5 C6H10O2 C3H5O C3H5O C3H5O C3H5O

  47. Possible Molecular Formulas Assume an empirical formula of C3H5O Integer Molecular Formula Empirical formula C3H5O C3H5O 1 2 3 4 5 C6H10O2 C3H5O C9H15O3 C3H5O C3H5O C3H5O

  48. Possible Molecular Formulas Assume an empirical formula of C3H5O Integer Molecular Formula Empirical formula C3H5O C3H5O 1 2 3 4 5 C6H10O2 C3H5O C9H15O3 C3H5O C3H5O C12H20O4 C3H5O C15H25O5

  49. Sample Problem Calculate the molecular formula of a molecule composed of 83.7%C and 16.3% H, with a molar mass of 86.0 g/mole

  50. Sample Problem Calculate the molecular formula of a molecule composed of 83.7%C and 16.3% H, with a molar mass of 86.0 g/mole Step #1 Assume 100g of compound 83.6 g C 16.3 g H

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