PENGENALAN KOMUNIKASI MASSA KOB3201

1. PENGENALAN KOMUNIKASI MASSA KOB3201 Dr. Rosya Izyanie Hj. Shamshudeen Jabatan Komunikasi Fakulti Bahasa Moden dan Komunikasi 03-89468789 rosya@fbmk.upm.edu.my

2. TOPIK KULIAH Unit 1 Pengenalan dan konsep komunikasi massa Unit 2 Sejarah dan perkembangan media massa Unit 3 Bentuk & struktur organisasi media Unit 4 Media cetak Unit 5 Media elektronik Unit 6 Orientasi industri media Unit 7 Fungsi, peranan dan kesan media massa dalam masyarakat Unit 8 Audien dan maklumbalas media massa Unit 9 Teori media massa Unit 10 Etika dan undang-undang media massa Unit 11 Kerjaya dalam industri media

3. UNIT 4 PRINT MEDIA

4. NEWSPAPER:PRINT EDITION AND ONLINE EDITION • The difference between online edition and print edition: • No page numbers • Its pages are not divided into columns • It has no top or bottom • The text is in a different font from the print version • It does not contain the same ads as the print version

5. THE STAR: PRINTED EDITION

6. THE STAR: ONLINE EDITION

7. THE STAR: DIGITAL EDITION

8. NEWSPAPER:DIGITAL EDITION • Digital edition (DE) offers the same content as print newspaper, but in a format that can be read on a computer screen. • The format of DE is familiar to readers and they are convenient. • However, DE are not updated. • DE require a lot of scrolling and zooming • Digital newspaper ≠ online edition

9. DEFINING FEATURES OF NEWSPAPERS 1. Newspaper is made up of diverse content– contain international, national and local news. They also feature editorials, letters to the editor, movie listings, horoscopes, comics, sports, film reviews, recipes, advice columns, classified ads.

10. DEFINING FEATURES OF NEWSPAPERS 2. Newspapers are conveniently packaged. It is organized according to content. There are sections devoted to general news, financial news, sports, and entertainment. Each story contains a headline. 3. Newspapers are local. 4. The newspaper serves as a historical record. 5. Newspapers perform the watchdog role in our society. 6. Newspapers are timely. News is not useful if it is stale.

11. Suratkhabar: Pengiklanan • Suratkhabar perlu menjana pendapatan. Suratkhabar menghasilkan pendapatan melalui 2 cara: • Pengiklanan • Edaran suratkhabar • 4 jenis pengiklanan: • pengiklanan runcit (retail advertising) • Classified ads • National ads • Freestanding Inserts (FSI)

12. Pengiklanan: Retail Advertising • Iklan terdiri daripada kedai komputer, hospital, restoran, kedai menjual kereta, panggung wayang, pasaraya dll. • Retail advertising merupakan pengiklan yang paling penting. 50% iklan dlm suratkhabar harian adalah terdiri dari jenis ini.

14. Suratkhabar: Pengiklanan

15. Pengiklanan: Classified advertising • Merupakan penyumbang kedua terbesar bagi sumber pendapatan akhbar, iaitu hampir 40%. • Classified ads – merupakan iklan pendek utk sesuatu produk atau perkhidmatan yang dikelompokkan mengikut kategori masing-masing. • Ruang classified ads dijual kepada sesiapa yang ingin menjual barangan mereka.

16. Classified ads

17. Pengiklanan: Pengiklanan Nasional • Pengiklanan nasional adalah merupakan iklan yang terdiri daripada syarikat besar: syarikat nasional dan multinasional.

18. Pengiklanan: Freestanding Inserts (FSI) • Merupakan kepilan cetakan yang mengiklan produk, atau perkhidmatan yang khusus. • FSI tidak dicetak sebagai sebahagian drp suratkhabar, tetapi dimasukkan di dalam suratkhabar selepas suratkhabar siap dicetak. • FSI banyak didapati di dalam suratkhabar pada hari Ahad. • FSI dan pengiklanan nasional hanya menyumbang 17% pendapatan suratkhabar, tetapi ianya tetap diambil kira sebagai penjana pendapatan akhbar yang penting.

19. Types of Books • Trade books • Sold to the general public through book stores and to libraries. • They can be hardbound, softbound, trade paperback. • Many types of books come in this format, but romance novels and science fiction tales are among the most common • They include titles for children and adults. • Most books sold today are trade books. • Eg. Hardcover fiction, nonfiction, cookbooks, art books, travel books, novels and several other types.

20. Trade books

21. Types of Books ii. Professional books • Directed to professional people. • Contain specialized information needed by people in specific occupations such as law and engineering. • Professional books fall into 3 subcategories: • Technical and science books • Medical books • Business and other professional books iii. Textbooks • Published for elementary, secondary students and college students. • These books are chosen by the lecturers. • Sold mainly through college bookstores.

22. Types of Books iv. University Press books • Published every year by university presses. • Produce mainly scholarly materials in hardcover and softcover. • Sold in college bookstores. v. Mass-market paperbacks • These books are defined not by their subjects but by where they are sold. • Although you can find them in bookstores, mass market books are mainly distributed through “mass” channels - supermarkets, newsstands, or airports. • These books are made from cheaper paper. • Cost less than trade paperbacks.

23. Types of Books vi. Reference books • Such as atlases, dictionaries and encyclopedias allow people to look up facts and information. • Many now appear on the Internet or CD-ROMs. • Initially expensive to produce, they are profitable because much of the content can be recycled into new editions vii. Specialty books • Include any type of book that does not fit into one of the other categories, such as religious books, anthologies of comics and college yearbooks

24. Book Publishing houses • The organisations that supervise the overall production of books, including the development of new books, editing, printing, and marketing • Minority publishers are often small, independent publishers that target specific minority audiences. • University presses are affiliated with and subsidized by universities and produce mostly academic books, often original research by faculty. • Small presses have few employees and minimal facilities, and usually produce books that the big publishers are not interested – such as poetry. they can specialize in specific topics, such as the environment or bicycling.

25. Book Promotion • Publishers promote their books in a variety of ways to maximize sales. • Bookstore displays • Jacket blurbs are favorable comments on the covers of books. • Book review: advance copies of books go to newspapers and magazines for review. • Excerpts: putting a fragment of that book are placed in magazines or newspaper and on Web sites. Eg. Offer sample chapters as free downloads. • Book fairs: where publishers traditionally show their books • Radio and TV interviews: Make appearances on TV, radio, and in bookstores.

26. Book Promotion

27. The Bookseller • Independents bookseller are privately owned stores, usually operated by their owners. They may be big or small, they may specialize in a narrow niche or carry a little bit of everything. They usually have only one location but may have a handful of outlets usually in the same geographic area and usually overseen by the same small group of people. • Chain stores are owned or franchised by large retailers such as Borders, Barnes and Noble, MPH. • Online booksellers like Amazon.com, Barnes & Noble sell books over the Internet.

28. The Reader • Bibliophiles read 50 or more books each year. • Casual readers read several books a year. • Required readers read only what they must read for school or work. • Nonreaders fall into two categories: • Illiterates cannot read. • Alliteratescan read but do not.

29. BOOKS: THE DEFINING FEATURES • Books are the least “mass” of the mass media. • Books can have a cultural impact that far outweighs their modest audience size. • Books are the oldest and most enduring of the mass media.

30. UNIT 5 ELECTRONIC MEDIA

31. Recording Media Formats Compact disks (CDs) Cassettes Videos Vinyl records Audio DVDs Super audio CDs Digital platforms

32. Recording Media Formats (cont…) All media formats are physical (i.e. a person can hold them in his or her hand), except digital platforms. CD- durable and have excellent sound quality Audio DVDs & super audio CDs– better sound quality Digital platforms – people can purchase music without holding a medium in their hands. All typically involve a form of downloading, which means that the company sends the song as a digital file to the buyer’s computer or mobile phones. In order to stop sharing of the songs, the file bought by the person will sometimes come with a digital rights management (DRM) code for the device that plays it. This code sets certain limits on how many times or on what specific device a person can play the music.

33. Recording Media Formats (cont…) • In addition, some companies that sell digital music download the files in forms that can be played only on particular devices with the right hardware or software. E.g. Apple’s iTunes sites uses the AAC format works only on iPods. • People buy songs through downloading is most common. Other major opportunities for recording companies to make money from digital platforms: • Streaming: an audio file delivered to a computer-like device from a website so that it can be heard while it is coming into the device but cannot be saved or stored. Eg: Yahoo music • Ringtones

34. An Overview of Today’s Recording Industry • New era of recording industry can be observed within 3 perspectives: • Its ownership is international • Its production is fragmented • Its distribution is highly concentrated

35. An Overview of Today’s Recording Industry: International Ownership International Ownership • Four largest recording companies: • Warner, EMI, Sony, and Universal • EMI is a British firm • Sony BMG Music Entertainment is a global joint venture equally owned by German Bertelsmann AG and the U.S. subsidiary of Sony of Japan • Universal is owned by Vivendi, a French conglomerate • Warner is owned by a Canadian group • However, the country of origin of each of these firms, however, does not typically dictate the kind of music it tries to circulate in the U.S.

36. An Overview of Today’s Recording Industry: Fragmented Production (cont…) Fragmented Production • Fragmentation means that there are literally thousands of companies turning out recordings that they would like to sell. • These recording firms are called independents because they are not owned by the four major companies. • Independent labels sometimes succeed by handling controversial music that the majors won’t touch. • One reason for the rise of independent firms is that newly affordable powerful digital recording technology enabled small companies to produce compact disks.

37. An Overview of Today’s Recording Industry: Concentration of Distribution (cont…) Concentration of Distribution • The four major recording companies are the distributors of choice because of the immense power they bring to the marketplace. • Represent many popular artists – these companies have access to stores and radio stations for the promotion.

38. Singles vs Albums • The recording industry releases its product in 2 lengths: • Singles – contains only one or two songs. • Albums – a collection of a dozen or more individual song. • Artists and labels make their money from album sales, and the recording companies often do not price physical singles so they are worthwhile purchases relative to the albums.

39. FM Radio and AM Radio • FM/AM technologies • A means of radio broadcasting. Terrestrial radio stations broadcast using one of 2 technologies, AM or FM • AM stands for amplitude modulation, and FM stands for frequency modulation • Frequency modulation (FM) • FM radio was invented by Edwin Armstrong • Utilizing the band between 88 and 108 megahertz • FM signals are marked by high levels of clarity, but rarely travel more than eighty miles from the sites of transmission

40. FM Radio and AM Radio • AM radio • Utilizing the band between 540 and 1,700 megahertz • AM signals are prone to frequent static interference, but their high powered signals allow them to travel great distances, especially at night.

41. Commercial Radio Stations vs Noncommercial Radio Stations In terms of funding, there are two types of radio stations: • Commercial stations • Noncommercial stations Commercial stations • The vast majority of stations are commercial stations. • These stations support themselves financially by selling time on their airwaves to advertisers.

42. Commercial Radio Stations vs Noncommercial Radio Stations (cont…) Noncommercial stations Do not receive financial support from advertisers in the traditional sense of airing commercials. Most noncommercial stations are located at the very left of the FM band (between 88 and 92 MHz).

43. UNIT 6 ORIENTASI INDUSTRI MEDIA

44. CHARACTERISTICS OF MEDIA ORGANISATIONS 5 FEATURES TO DEFINE ORGANIZATIONS THAT PRODUCE MASS COMMUNICATION: • Mass comm is produced by complex and formal organizations. • Mass comm organizations have multiple gatekeepers. • Mass comm organizations need a great deal of money to operate. • Mass comm organizations exist to make profit. • Mass comm organizations are highly competitive.

45. ORGANIZATION OF THE BROADCAST TELEVISION The TV industry is divided into three segments: • Production • Production for the mass media means the creation of materials for distribution through one or more mass media vehicles • Distribution • Distribution is the delivery of produced material to the point where it will be shown to its intended audience; it is an activity which takes place out of public view • Exhibition • It is the activity of presenting mass media materials to audiences for viewing or purchase.

46. ORGANIZATION OF THE BROADCAST TELEVISION: PRODUCTION • The production element is responsible for providing the programming that is ultimately viewed by the audience. • Pretend for a moment that you are the manager of a local TV station in your hometown. Your station must provide 24 hours of programming every day, or approximately 8,800 hours of programming each year. Where does one get all this programming? There are three basic sources: (1) local production (2) syndicated programming (3) for most stations, network programs.

47. ORGANIZATION OF THE BROADCAST TELEVISION: PRODUCTION (cont…) A network provides a regular schedule of programming materials to its affiliate stations for broadcast A syndicator typically makes a deal for one show (or one series of shows) at a time

48. ORGANIZATION OF THE BROADCAST TELEVISION: PRODUCTION • The most common local productions are: • The station's daily newscasts, typically broadcast in the early morning, at noon, in the early evening, and in the late evening. These newscasts attract large audiences, which in turn attract advertisers. As a result the local news accounts for a major proportion of the ad revenue that is generated by a local station. • Other locally produced programming might consist of local sporting events, early-morning interview programs, and public affairs discussion shows. It would be difficult, however, for a local station to fill its entire schedule with locally produced programming. As a result, most stations turn to programming produced by other sources.

49. ORGANIZATION OF THE BROADCAST TELEVISION: DISTRIBUTION • The distribution function is handled by the TV networks and cable and syndication companies. • The three main elements in the distribution segment of television are: • The broadcast networks • Cable and satellite networks • Syndication companies

50. ORGANIZATION OF THE BROADCAST TELEVISIONDISTRIBUTION: SYNDICATION COMPANIES • Syndication companies , provide another kind of program distribution. These organizations lease taped or filmed programs to local television stations in each local market. • Sometimes, as mentioned, the syndication company also produces the program, but more often it distribute programs produced by other firms. • Local stations that purchase a syndicated program receive exclusive rights to show that program in their market. Usually, a station buys a package of programs—perhaps as many as 120 episodes or more—and the contract specifies how many times each program can be repeated.