Unit 1

1. Unit 1 Introduction to the history of the British Immigration Control

2. questions • Is UK a multicultural society? How many ethnic groups are there living in the UK ?where did those ethnic groups of people originate from? when and why did they come to the UK? • Is UK an immigration country or non-immigration country?why?

3. Historical immigration • Prior to 1066(several invasions) • 1066—1948 • 1948 to the modern day

4. Prior to 1066 • Celtic tribes (Gaels and Britons) • Roman Empire's invasion of Britain • The Germanic tribes of the Angles, Saxons and Jutes • Viking raids

5. 1066—1948 • The Norman conquest of 1066 • Jewish businessmen In the medieval period • French weavers, German mining engineers, Dutch canal builders, printers, brewers and brickmakers from the 14th century • Huguenots (French Protestants) moved to England during the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries • Jews returned and settled In 1656 • Lascars (sailors from South East Asia and India) came along with seamen from countries like China, West Africa. • African slaves by the end of the 18th century • Irish labours between the 1830s and 1850s • Russian Jews in 1881

6. Jewish merchants in medieval England

7. Seamen unloading tea in London in the 19th century

8. British Nationality Act 1948 Commonwealth Immigration Act 1962 Immigration Act 1971 British Nationality Act 1981 the history background to the passage of the law the main content of the law the consequence of the passage of the law Immigration policies after WWⅡ

9. the independence of its former colonies and the division of the British empire a major labor shortage event of the dual nationality in Canada self-governing dominions British subject Citizen of the UK and colonies(CUKC ) commonwealth citizens Caribbean ,India and Pakistan unrestricted immigration policy met the increasing demands for unskilled labour in the early post-war years led to social strain between the white british citizens and the colored immigrants British Nationality Act 1948

10. the notting hill riots in 1958 the overwhelming white hostility toward the colored immigrants conservativesurge the government to make strict immigration policies to control immigration deprived the black British Subjects of the right to enter the UK by making a distinction between the Citizens of the United Kingdom and Colonies those CUKCs with passports directly issued by the United Kingdom Government those cukcs with passports issued by the Governor of a colony or by the Commander of a British protectorate Commonwealth Immigration Act 1962

11. creating the definitions of patriality or right of abode. CUKCs and other Commonwealth citizens only had the right of abode in the UK if they, their parents or grandparents were born in the UK and islands (the Channel Islands and Isle of Man). Most non-whites could not meet the requirement for entry. The Immigration Act 1971

12. The racial implications of 'patriality' had brought criticism from the European Human Rights Commission racially motivated and degrading abolished the term 'patriality' in the 1971 Act and replaced it by a new term: those with a 'close connection' with Britain five categories of British nationals British citizens British Dependent Territories citizens British Overseas citizens British Protected Persons British subjects. British Nationality Act 1981

13. Background Information British relationships with the world

14. Questions • What is Commonwealth?why was it founded? • What was the main reason that Restrictions against colored immigrants have increased in Britain since the 1970’s? • When did Britain join the EC and why did it join the EC? • What do you understand by Britain’s links with Europe?

15. the three cycles • Winston Churchill—the three cycles • the three cycles • the Commonwealth • the EU • the USA

16. three stages—FROM IMPERIAL POWER TO COMMONWEALTH MEMBER • First stage • Australia,Canada,New Zealand and South Africa and the Irish free state were given dominion status. • Statute of Westminster in 1931 • Second stage—India’s independence in 1947 • Third stage—Britain’s withdrawal from her former powerful world role

17. The commonwealth • 54 members • core of this association is the development of mutual understanding between peoples of diverse backgrounds. • The commonwealth bears no resemblance to the empires of the past. it is an entirely new conception built on the highest qualities of the spirit of man; friendship, loyalty and the desire for freedom and peace

18. The commonwealth • Things in common • similar administrative, educational, judicial and legal systems • English law • the judicial committee of the privy council as their final court of appeal • English as the official language • mother country of Canada, new Zealand and Australia • During the 1950s and early 1960s, all commonwealth citizens were free to enter the country and look for work ,however,the immigration act 1962 introduced regulations to restrict the number of immigrants

19. Relationship with Europe • The EC (European community) • UK membership of the EC • The EU (European Union)

20. The EC • founded in 1958 • six countries signed the treaty of Rome. their primary concerns is to restore their economies which had suffered the aftermath of the two world wars in Europe.further integration ,particularly regarding economic aspects ,were achieved with the ratification of the Single European Act in 1986.

21. The EC • The aim of the community • To reduce and remove restrictions between the member countries • By the removal of internal trade barriers • By enabling a free flow of capital and the eventual introduction of a common currency • By allowing citizens of all the member states to seek jobs in any of the member countries without having to acquire a work permit • To develop common policies on Transport ,Agriculture and External trade

22. UK membership of the EC • EC—Belgium, Germany, France, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands in 1957 • EFTA — Britain, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Austria, Portugal, Iceland and Switzerland in 1959 • Britain signed the Treaty of Accession and achieved its membership in the EC in 1973.

23. the EU • Date of foundation: 1st November, 1993. • Found to enhance the political ,economic and social cooperation between the European countries

24. the EU • 25 Member states • Belgium, Germany, France, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands in 1957 • Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom in 1973 • Greece Spain Portugal Austria, Finland and Sweden • the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia ,Slovenia and Cyprus, in 2004