Outline

2. Outline • Recent Evolution • Introduction • AWAKE at CNGS • Organization • Work Packages • Planning • Resources • Summary

3. Recent Evolution • June 2012: Official CERN Study Project • Mandate to identify best site for the AWAKE facility and write a design report. • 25 March 2013: Submit AWAKE Design Report to CERN management and SPS Committee • Use the CNGS facility for AWAKE (not West Area). • 9-10 April 2013: SPSC Meeting • Very positive feedback; List of questions – Answers sent back to referees • Mid May 2013: several discussion with CERN management and finance group • Needed resources for AWAKE@CERN are fully included in the CERN Medium-Term Plan • AWAKE program has been stretched from 3 years to 5 years. • 17-21 June 2013: Council week • MTP with AWAKE fully funded inside is approved. • 25-26 June 2013: SPSC meeting • SPSC recommends AWAKE proposal for approval. • 31 July 2013: IEFC meeting • Present detailed planning and manpower needs as agreed with various groups • 28 August 2013: Research Board • Approval of the AWAKE experiment.

4. Time-Scale Installation data taking Commissioning Study, Design, Procurement, Component preparation Time-scale for AWAKE as in the MTP Modification, Civil Engineering and installation Study, Design, Procurement, Component preparation data taking Installation Fabrication Studies, design Commissioning

5. Recent Evolution • Introduction • AWAKE at CNGS • Organization • Work Packages • Planning • Resources • Summary

6. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - - + + + + + - + + + + + - + + + + - + - + - + + + + + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Ez Introduction AWAKE – A Proton Driven Plasma Wakefield Acceleration Experiment at CERN • Proof-of-principle R&D experiment proposed at CERN.  First beam driven wakefield acceleration experiment in Europe  First proton driven PWA experiment world-wide. • Use high-energy protons to generate wakefields in the plasma cell at the GV/m level. • Inject low energy electrons (~ 20 MeV) to be accelerated in the wakefield to multi-GeV energy range. • Advantages of using protons as driver: single stage acceleration • Higher stored energy available in the driver (~kJ) • Electron/laser driven requires many stages to reach the TeV scale. e- Principle: • Space charge of drive beam displaces plasma electrons. • Plasma ions exert restoring force. drive beam (p+) Typical plasma density of np= 1015cm-3 plasma wavelength lp =1mm Maximal electric field: Ez,max = Nprotons/bunch / sz (rms bunch length) Scaling factors: high charge: Eacc~N, short bunches: Eacc~1/sz, high plasma density: ne~1/sz1/2

7. Introduction Need very short proton bunches (order of ~mm) for strong gradients • Today’s proton bunches have lengths above ~10cm. • Producing short proton bunches not possible today without major investment. • Instead, modulate a long proton bunch. • Microbunches are generated by a transverse modulation of the bunch density (transverse two-stream instability). Naturally spaced at the plasma wavelength.  Self-modulation instability (SMI). Plasma cell position z=0 m Distribution of the beams in the plasma cell Plasma cell position z=4m Proton beam: drive beam (12cm) SMI: Modulated in micro-bunches (1mm) after ~several meters drives the axial electric field. Laser pulse: 1) Ionization of plasma and 2) Seeding of bunch modulation. Using the same laser for electron photo-injector allows for precise phasing of the e- and p bunches. Electron beam: accelerated beam Injected off-axis some meters downstream along the plasma-cell.  Merges with the proton bunch once the modulation is developed. Plasma cell position z=10 m

8. AWAKE Experimental Layout electrons • Inject 10-20 MeV electron beam • accelerationofelectronstomulti-GeV energyrangeafter theplasmaexit. wakefield potential  Gradient: 0.1-1GV/m

9. Parameter Plasma p-beam e-beam Laser beam: 30 fs, 800 nm, ~TW side- injection

10. AWAKE Measurement Program • Performbenchmark experiments using proton bunches to drive wakefields for the first time ever. • Understand the physics ofself-modulation process in plasma. Compare experimental data with detailed simulations. • Probe the accelerating wakefields with externally injected electrons, including energy spectrum measurements for different injection and plasma parameters. • Study the injection dynamics and production of multi-GeV electron bunches. This will include using a plasma density step to maintain the wakefields at the GV/m level over meter distances. • Develop long, scalable and uniform plasma cells. • Develop schemes for the production and acceleration of short proton bunchesfor future experiments and accelerators.

11. Recent Evolution • Introduction • AWAKE at CNGS • Organization • Work Packages • Planning • Resources • Summary

12. SPS CNGS CERN

13. Comparison CNGS – AWAKE • AWAKE: • ~Factor 100 less protons/extraction • ~Factor 1000 less protons/year • CNGS is a running facility(since 2006) at the desired beam parameters. • Proton beam and secondary beam-line fully equipped and running • All services (CV, EL,…) running • Underground facility • Adequate site for AWAKE

14. AWAKE at CNGS AWAKE experiment ~1100m AWAKE beam dump

15. AWAKE at CNGS 750m proton beam line Access gallery to the experimental area CNGS target area (stays untouched) Electron source area Future AWAKE experimental area (will be emptied)

16. Layout of the AWAKE Experiment

17. Layout of the AWAKE Experiment Plasma Cell: Rubidium Vapour Source  Density uniformity of 0.2%

18. Horizontal and Vertical Corrector Magnet Layout of the AWAKE Experiment UK proposal for Electron-Gun Quadrupole Magnet Booster Linac 1m long Slit YAG Faraday Cup YAG Electron transport Dipole Magnet RF Gun Support Pedestal Beam Direction Ion Pump Synthetic Granite Girder Electron source Ion Pump ?

19. Layout of the AWAKE Experiment Electron Spectrometer

20. Layout of the AWAKE Experiment • Diagnostics: • OTRs, Electro-optical sampling, transverse coherent transition radiation, plasma density diagnostics.

21. Recent Evolution • Introduction • AWAKE at CNGS • Organization • Work Packages • Planning • Resources • Summary

22. Organization AWAKE is an international scientific collaboration made up of 13 institutes and involving over 50 engineers and physicists (April 2013). Several institutes (>6) are expressing interest in participating in AWAKE. Collaboration: • Spokesperson: Allen Caldwell (MPI Munich) • Deputy spokesperson: Matthew Wing (UCL) • Experimental Aspects Coordinator: PatricMuggli (MPI Munich) • Theory & Simulation Coordinator: Konstantin Lotov (Budker Institute, Novosibirsk) • Beam Lines, Experimental Areas and Infrastructure Coordinator: Edda Gschwendtner (CERN) • Non-CERN institutes responsibilities: • Provide plasma cells, plasma & laser & electron beam diagnostics. • Perform simulation work and data analysis. • Carry out the experiment. • Electron source: Application for European synergy grant to fund the electron source has been rejected: • The reviewers were quite positive but the program is too much in line with the main CERN activities, which goes beyond the scope of the synergy program. • Collaboration is currently evaluating other options for the electron source  might come back to CERN.

23. CERN Responsibilities CERN is host institute of the AWAKE experiment: • Design, installation, commissioning, operation, maintenance and commissioning of the AWAKE facility, including safety matters during all phases of AWAKE, + dismantling. This includes: • Proton and electron beam line, laser transport lines, experimental area, associated services, civil engineering. • Necessary modifications of the civil engineering and general services of the AWAKE facility. • Optimization of the beam parameters. Production of the AWAKE proton beam in the SPS and in the transfer to the experimental area, within specifications. • Electron beam studies in the plasma cell. • Development of the diagnostic instrumentation along the beam lines and in the experimental area. • The coordination and installation of the experimental equipment delivered by the collaboration, including interface design and construction support. • The coordination of all radiation protection and safety aspects. • Coordinate the studies of all interfaces between the different systems (plasma cell, electron beam, proton beam, laser…), including studies on the measurement program • Take responsibility for all safety aspects. Prepare safety files. • Evaluate dismantling feasibility.

24. CERN AWAKE Project Structure A& T sector management: Engineering, Beams, Technology Departments CERN AWAKE Project Project leader: Edda Gschwendtner Deputy: Chiara Bracco Injectors and Experimental Facilities Committee (IEFC) WP4: Experimental Area Edda Gschwendtner WP1: Project Management Edda Gschwendtner WP3: Primary beam-lines Chiara Bracco WP2: SPS beam Elena Chapochnikova

25. Recent Evolution • Introduction • AWAKE at CNGS • Organization • Work Packages • Planning • Resources • Summary

26. WP1 Project Management • Define the project responsibility matrix, the work breakdown structure, the schedule and the resources (manpower and material, including spending profile) • Control the resource spending and work progress • Quality control, documentation and final acceptance • Safety file and safety officer. Work Breakdown Structure

27. WP2 SPS Beam Work Breakdown Structure Electron bunch (1s~5ps) • Example of Sub-WP: RF synchronization of proton, electron, laser beam. • Electrons from RF gun driven by a laser pulse derived from same laser system as used for ionization.  Synchronization between laser pulse and electron beam at < 1ps can be achieved. • Synchronization of proton beam w.r.t. laser beam at ~100ps level is desired:  SPS RF must re-phase and lock to a stable mode-locker frequency reference from laser system. gas Plasma proton bunch (1s~300ns) laser pulse (30fs) Collaboration with RF, timing, beam transport, experiment,… experts.

28. WP2 SPS Beam • Example of Sub-WP: Bunch-compression studies. • Optimization of the beam parameters  short bunch lengths, small transvers emittance, high intensity. MDs in 2012: Transverse emittance at SPS flat top. Flat top bunch length (4s) before and after rotation. E. Shaposhnikova, H. Timko et al, BE-RF At design intensity of 3E11 protons/bunch we get reproducibly a transverse emittance of 1.7 mm, an r.m.s. bunch length of 0.3 ns (9 cm) and a peak current of 60 A. Next steps: modifications in the RF beam control during LS1, RF voltage increase, beam dynamics simulations with realistic SPS impedance model… Collaboration with RF, experiment, simulation,… experts.

29. WP3 Proton and Electron Beam LineWork Breakdown Structure

30. WP3 Proton and Electron Beam Changes of proton beam line only in the downstream part (~80 m) • Example of Sub WP: Proton beam line optics Meets experimental requirements: sx,y= 200mm eN = 3.5 mm mrad Momentum spread = 0.1% Collaboration with beam transport, magnet, beam instrumentation,… experts. C. Bracco, TE-ABT • Example of Sub WP: Merging of laser and proton beam Merging area about 20 m upstream. Proton and laser beam must be coaxial in plasma cell. Keep minimum clearance needed to fit the mirror without intercepting the proton beam. Collaboration with laser, vacuum, beam transport, experiment, design,… experts.

31. Examples for Sub-WP of WP3 Proton and Electron Beam Transport the electron beam from the electron source to the plasma cell. • Example of Sub WP: Electron beam line optics Electron beam line in CERN Coordinate System Must be designed for side injection (long electron bunches) into the plasma cell and also on-axis injection (short bunches). Collaboration with beam transport, experiment, simulations,... experts. F. Velotti, TE-ABT • Example of Sub WP: New magnets for electron beam line Side injection scheme: electrons of long beam (>1mm) injected in small angle w.r.t. drive beam axis, are trapped and accelerated. • Two bending magnets around the plasma cell: • First one to merge electron beam with proton beam. • Second one to bend non-captured electrons for diagnostic purposes. Collaboration with beam transport, simulations, magnets,… experts.

32. WP4 Experimental AreaWork Breakdown Structure

33. Examples for Sub-WP of WP4 Experimental Area • Sub-WP: Electron beam side-injection into the proton driven plasma wakefield A. Petrenko, EN-MEF Side-injection simulation: electrons • Key questions: • How sensitive is side-injection to details of plasma wave structure? • How many electrons will be captured and accelerated? • What are the requirements for electron injector? (energy, emittance, bunch length, etc.) Metal screen Plasma wake-field potential This frame is co-moving with the proton beam Collaboration with beam transport, experiment, simulations, RF,… experts. (distance to the laser pulse)

34. WP4 Experimental Area service ducts • Example of Sub WP: Radiation Protection Issues Study of different beam loss scenarios at ventilation ducts (left) and electron beam tunnel (right) e- gallery S. Cipiccia, E. Feldbaumer, DGS-RP •  Implement AWAKE geometry • Air-contamination studies ( needed for ventilation system design) • Prompt dose rates • Material activation studies Collaboration with RP, CV, access, integration,… experts.

35. WP4 Experimental Area • Example of Sub WP: Preparation of CNGS Area for AWAKE • Low occupancy radiation areas: • Non- designated • Supervised • Simple controlled • Limited stay 0.1 10 20 16 0.8 0.1 0.6 1.3 55 4.5 12 5 3.5 65 CNGS target 22 20 16 Data: Courtesy of Heinz Vincke, DGS-RP 42 0.5 80 AWAKE experimental area 80cm concrete shielding btw. CNGS target and AWAKE, removal of activated equipment, cleaning campaign for AWAKE area  should allow classification as supervised radiation area. 120 7.5 • Clean the CNGS area • Remove shielding, empty area for modifications Collaboration with RP, transport, coordination,… experts. Survey data from March 2013(measured dose rates in µSv/h)

36. WP4 Experimental Area • Example of Sub WP: Civil Engineering: Electron beam tunnel, laser tunnel Start digging mid-2014

37. WP4 Experimental Area NEW PROTON FOR “AWAKE” • Example of Sub WP: Civil Engineering: Electron beam tunnel, laser tunnel ELECTRON BEAM LINE FOR “AWAKE” TCV4 C.Magnier, EN-MEF Coordination with civil engineering, integration,… experts.

38. Recent Evolution • Introduction • AWAKE at CNGS • Organization • Work Packages • Planning • Resources • Summary

39. First Preliminary Planning 2017 2016 2013 2014 2015 MarziaBernardini Cleaning; Removal of shielding, plugs, existing equipment Installation: p-beam magnets Install.: BI Install.: Vacuum Integration and mechanical design Cabling Civil engineering: Electron beam and laser tunnel CV Experimental area installation: Plasma cell, BI, vacuum, exp. instrumentation, … Install.: Laser Commissioning End Sept. 2016: p-beam for physics Electron beam

40. CNGS Preparation for AWAKE September 2013 – June 2014

41. Meeting Organization at CERN • Weekly project team meetings • WP leaders, RP, safety… • Weekly meetings for WP 3 (Proton and Electron Beam) and WP 4 (Experimental Area) • Some of those meetings will be dedicated meetings for the sub-WP. • Depending on progress and need, dedicated meetings in WP1 (project management) and WP2 (SPS beam). • Special meetings with specialist from the collaboration on specific items. • Collaboration wide meetings 3 times/year. • 4 to 6 December 2013 at CERN. • Indico page: https://indico.cern.ch/categoryDisplay.py?categId=4278 • EDMS page: https://edms.cern.ch/nav/P:CERN-0000094988:V0/P:CERN-0000094988:V0/TAB3

42. Recent Evolution • Introduction • AWAKE at CNGS • Organization • Work Packages • Planning • Resources • Summary

43. CERN Resources as shown in the Design Report Total: 8488 kCHF = Material + industrial service: 6448 kCHF Fellows: 2040 kCHF All cost and manpower needs are provided by different groups. In addition input was given for start-date and duration of work for each group. No contingency included!!

44. Budget Profile for AWAKE Budget and manpower profile as in the MTP Note: AWAKE fellows are not GET fellows. Instead we got separate allocation on top of existing fellows.  Fortunately no quota issues for AWAKE fellows!

45. Budget Codes

46. Recent Evolution • Introduction • AWAKE at CNGS • Organization • Work Packages • Planning • Resources • Summary

47. Summary • The AWAKE experiment at CERN is the first proton-driven wakefield acceleration experiment worldwide. • The result of AWAKE are crucial for future larger-scale R&D projects on proton-driven plasma wakefield acceleration. • The experiment opens a pathway towards plasma-based TeV lepton collider. • AWAKE moves from design study phase to project phase! • Design, installation, construction and commissioning of the facility. • Milestones • Civil engineering: July 2014 • Finish facility installation: end 2015 • Installation of experiment + laser alignment, HW commissioning, dry run: Jan – Sept 2016 • Proton beam to plasma for physics: end Sept 2016 • Electron-beam: end 2017 • Start now! • Integration, drawings, mechanical design, preparation of the CNGS area, beam-line studies, interface with plasma cell.

48. Many thanks to all of you who have already contributed and to those who will join the project now. Looking forward to staying AWAKE with you for the next years!