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SITE REMEDIATION ISSUES IN RELATION TO NORM INDUSTRIES IN MALAYSIA . M. OMAR MALAYSIAN NUCLEAR AGENCY. NORM INDUSTRIES. TIN MINING TIN TAILINGS UPGRADING PLANTS RARE EARTH EXTRACTION ILMENITE CRACKING TIN SMELTING. TIN MINING. OLD INDUSTRY PRODUCING TIN ORE CONCENTRATES (PRODUCT)
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SITE REMEDIATION ISSUES IN RELATION TO NORM INDUSTRIES IN MALAYSIA M. OMAR MALAYSIAN NUCLEAR AGENCY
NORM INDUSTRIES • TIN MINING • TIN TAILINGS UPGRADING PLANTS • RARE EARTH EXTRACTION • ILMENITE CRACKING • TIN SMELTING
TIN MINING • OLD INDUSTRY • PRODUCING • TIN ORE CONCENTRATES (PRODUCT) • TIN TAILINGS (BY-PRODUCT) • MINE SAND • NO. OF OPERATIONAL MINES DECREASING • MINE-OUT SITES • SOME SITES HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED
TIN TAILING UPGRADING • PRODUCING • TIN ORE CONCENTRATES (PRODUCT) • MIXED MINERAL OR INDIVIDUAL MINERAL SUCH AS MONAZITE, ZIRCON, XENOTIME, ILMENITE AND OTHERS (BY-PRODUCT) • THESE MINERALS ARE CATEGORISED AS RADIOACTIVE • NO. OPERATIONAL PLANTS DECREASING • PROPERLY CLOSED?
TIN MINING & TIN TAILINGS INDUSTRIES • MAINLY INVOLVING PHYSICAL SEPARATION PROCESSES • PRODUCING LARGE VOLUME OF BY-PRODUCTS • BY-PRODUCTS • SALEABLE – PRICES VARY • IN STABLE PHYSICAL FORM • CONTAIN A FEW BQ/G OF NATURALLY OCCURRING RADIONUCLIDES • POTENTIAL TO BE LEFT OUT ON-SITE WHEN OPERATION CLOSED • CLOSED SITES NEED ASSESSMENT AND MAY NEED TO BE REMEDIATED
RARE EARTH EXTRACTION • CHEMICAL CRACKING OF MONAZITE AND XENOTIME • PRODUCING • RARE EARTH PRODUCTS • RESIDUES CONTAINING THORIUM HYDROXIDE • OPERATION TERMINATED IN 1992 • PLANT DECOMMISSIONING CARRIED OUT • PLANT SITE HAD BEEN CLEANED-UP – REMOVING CONTAMINATED SOIL AND BACKFILLING WITH SOIL FROM OTHER SITES • THE SITE WAS CLEARED BY AUTHORITY FOR INDUSTRIAL USE
ILMENITE PROCESSING • PROCESSES INVOLVING ACIDS & OTHER CHEMICALS • PRODUCING • SYNTHETIC RUTILE • TITANIUM DIOXIDE PIGMENT • IRON OXIDE RESIDUES • GYPSUM RESIDUES • IRON OXIDE CONTAINS A FEW BQ/G OF NATURALLY OCCURRING RADIONUCLIDES • GYPSUM CONTAINS LOW CONCENTRATION OF NORM
ILMENITE PROCESSING • LARGE VOLUMES OF RESIDUES • RESIDUES STORED ONSITE • REQUIRE SOLUTIONS • REUTILISATION OF RESIDUES • LANDFILL MATERIAL? CHEMICAL HAZARD? • STILL UNDER CONTROL • THE NEED TO REMEDIATE THE SITE MAY ARISE LATER
TIN SMELTING • OLD INDUSTRY • SMELTING OF TIN ORE • PRODUCING • TIN METAL • TIN SLAG RESIDUES
TIN SLAG • LARGE VOLUME, STORED ONSITE • CONTAIN A FEW BQ/G OF NATURALLY OCCURING RADIONUCLIDES • USED FOR LANDFILL IN THE PAST • CONTAINS TANTALUM – SALEABLE, PRICES VARY
LESSON LEARNED • BUDGET SHOULD BE ALLOCATED FROM THE BEGINNING OF A NEW PLANT OR OPERATION FOR: • R&D ON THE REUTILISATION OF RESIDUES • PLANT DECOMMISSIONING • SITE REMEDIATION • WASTE DISPOSAL
CONCLUSIONS • REMEDIATION ISSUES MAY ARISE • NEEDED • GUIDELINES • TRAINING • NETWORKING