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White Space Security Recommendations Report Draft

This draft report outlines security concerns and recommendations for white space technologies by a group of experts from InterDigital, US Army, Nokia, and others. The report covers threat analysis, security goals, and general approaches to ensure the protection of incumbents and secondary users in the use of white spaces. Recommendations include a focus on end-to-end security design, device security requirements, and low-layer security techniques. The group urges further detailed analysis and planning by relevant standards bodies for comprehensive security measures in this emerging technology domain.

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White Space Security Recommendations Report Draft

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  1. Security Ad-Hoc Report Draft Date: 2009-02-04 Authors: Alex Reznik, InterDigital; Ranga Reddy, US Army; Michael Williams, Nokia, Richard Paine

  2. Abstract • This presentation summarizes the recommendations of the security ad-hoc group. • Currently a draft. Aimed to become part of a recommendation to the EC as well as provide starting point for the tutorial • Abstract to be removed/modified as needed. Alex Reznik, InterDigital; Ranga Reddy, US Army; Michael Williams, Nokia, Richard Paine

  3. Security Goals and General Approach • Within the context of white spaces, security design needs to focus on two goals: • Primary goal: Protection of incumbents • Secondary goal: Protection of secondary users • The number of issues and technologies is larger than with protection of incumbents • Requires a comprehensive approach • General Approach to Security • This bullet is subject to addition of information on the end-to-end slides and approval by the group • The ad-hoc recommends that an end-to-end security design approach be used in developing security aspects of white space technologies • Within 802 this means a focus on the following • The interfaces required for support of higher-level security technologies, such as data/application security, secure identity protocols, device security, etc. • Support of security technologies as discussed below Alex Reznik, InterDigital; Ranga Reddy, US Army; Michael Williams, Nokia, Richard Paine

  4. Threat Analysis: High Level Threats • Illegal Use of Spectrum • Causing harmful interference to incumbents • Denial of Service between Secondary Users • Threats to coexistence protocols between secondary devices • e.g. Stealing/hogging spectrum • Unauthorized disclosure or modification of “sensitive user/location” information • Disclosure of user location • Modification of database info • “Sensitive user/location” information is not correct • Registered incumbent or secondary user location • Database info poisoning • Sensitive user/location information may include • User location information • User identity • Database registration/authentication parameters • Sensor measurements reported to the database by user • Interference report from the database • Etc. Alex Reznik, InterDigital; Ranga Reddy, US Army; Michael Williams, Nokia, Richard Paine

  5. Threat AnalysisMapping Use Cases to Threats – Master Devices Alex Reznik, InterDigital; Ranga Reddy, US Army; Michael Williams, Nokia, Richard Paine

  6. Threat AnalysisMapping Use Cases to Threats – Client Devices Alex Reznik, InterDigital; Ranga Reddy, US Army; Michael Williams, Nokia, Richard Paine

  7. Threat Analysis: Caveats • For the “50mW (Sensing Only)” and “≤ 40mW” the Disclosure/Modification of Relevant Info & Relevant Info Not Correct threats, are not applicable as those devices will not make use of the database. • The “≤ 40mW” use case is not affected by the Illegal Use of Spectrum threat due to low power. Devices can operate in adjacent channels. • Client devices cannot pose the Illegal Use of Spectrum threat in some use cases because the master chooses the spectrum, polls the database, and bears the responsibility for violation. The exception is when the master device is unregistered. • Given that registration for the lower power devices is not required. This also may be applicable for lower power networks operating in a mesh or peer to peer topology, where every device would be considered a master. Alex Reznik, InterDigital; Ranga Reddy, US Army; Michael Williams, Nokia, Richard Paine

  8. Ad-Hoc Recommendations • Further Work • Present recommendation represents the best that could be accomplished with a limited time-span of this SG • The contributor and other security ad-hoc participant recognize the need for a much more detailed analysis resulting in • A detailed use-case based threat analysis • Detailed recommendation for addressing identified threats • 802 should plan to further pursue this topic either in a separate SG or as part of other whitespace activities • Device Security • Key requirement for protection of incumbents • Ensures that devices cannot be modified to “break the rules” • Potentially required to pass FCC certification • 802 may need to provide support of proper device security techniques. Some potential example are: • Measurement and signaling required to verify that the device is operating according to applicable specifications and policies • Ability to affect device operations (e.g. disable transmissions) should device be found to be in violation of such policies • See Slide 9 for further details • Low-Layer Security • Support of low-layer techniques by 802 is recommended to address the following • Incumbent classification / identification • identification of malicious and negligent impersonators • Protection of coexistence signaling • It is recommended that the WGs coordinate their efforts in this area • Sensor and location measurement security • Support by 802 of techniques that secure and attest sensing and location measurements is recommended • Protection of database information • Protection of database information on the device and its transmission over the air interface links is recommended and appropriate techniques should be supported by 802 Alex Reznik, InterDigital; Ranga Reddy, US Army; Michael Williams, Nokia, Richard Paine

  9. Device Security and Configurable Radio • Compliance attestation : an important piece in the cognitive radio puzzle • Provides the most effective mechanism for ensuring that a radio is following the required specifications • May be required to demonstrate regulatory compliance • In particular, MAC and PHY (and perhaps even the RF) must be attested to • The trend, especially in the area of “cognitive radios,” is toward implementations which are highly configurable. • Code attestation is not sufficient to ensure compliance • Compliance must be attested over all possible configurations • The state space may be too large for full code-based attestations • Limited attestation can address this problem however • May be defined within RF/PHY/MAC or external to it • Must have the ability to monitor operation of the un-trusted entity for policy compliance • Must have the ability to limit operation when non-compliance observed • At a minimum, interfaces that enable monitor/limitation of operation must be defined and supported T CM Certify Compliance Network and above MAC MAC PHY PHY RF RF Un-trusted Trusted Alex Reznik, InterDigital; Ranga Reddy, US Army; Michael Williams, Nokia, Richard Paine

  10. Location Privacy: a full System-Picture View • Potential requirements • Support of mechanisms to prevent tracking of changes in location of a mobile device based on information sent in database queries. • Support of mechanisms to prevent long term tracking of a mobile device’s location based on it's transmissions. • Mapping this to existing mechanisms within 802 • Mapping this to recommended additional mechanisms Alex Reznik, InterDigital; Ranga Reddy, US Army; Michael Williams, Nokia, Richard Paine

  11. Application-Secured Payload Media Media SSL, TLS, etc. TOG’s SMA Secure Datastore and Schema TOG’s SMA Secure Datastore and Schema End-to-End Secure Comm. IPSec, HIP, SMA, etc. IETF’s Secure DataStore and Schema (MAP) IETF’s Secure DataStore and Schema (MAP) Application Application OSI-Session OSI-Session OSI-Internetworking OSI-Internetworking SMA PKI Datastore People/Machines SMA PKI Datastore People/Machines 802 Interface to the “outside world” Physical Channel Modem Modem 802.1x, etc. 802.1x,etc. FCC Secure WS DataStore FCC Secure WS DataStore Alex Reznik, InterDigital; Ranga Reddy, US Army; Michael Williams, Nokia, Richard Paine

  12. Media Vulnerabilities Associated with Location Application: Spectrum Client/Server Vulnerabilities: server address spoofing. OSI-Session: HTTP  Vulnerabilities: tracking of location via IP address tracking SMA PKI Datastore People/Machines OSI-netwk.: IP+TCP Vulnerabilities: tracking of location via MAC ID Physical Channel • General Comments: • Location privacy can be compromised at every interface • Device/user tracking can be done through tracking of MAC IDs, IP addresses, HTTP sessions, etc. • A comprehensive solution to location privacy and anonymization is required Modem = 802.xx PHY+MAC 802.1x, etc. FCC Secure WS DataStore Alex Reznik, InterDigital; Ranga Reddy, US Army; Michael Williams, Nokia, Richard Paine

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