Odor BMPS

1. Odor BMPS Dr. Ron E. Sheffield LSU AgCenter rsheffield@agcenter.lsu.edu 225.205.4533

2. Odor Emission Sources • Livestock buildings • Manure storage • Stockpiles, basins, lagoons • Land application sites • Method of land application • Feed storage • Mortality storage or disposal areas

3. The FIDO Factors in Odor Assessment Frequency (events/yr) Intensity (dilutions to threshold) Duration (hrs/event) Offensiveness (subjective)

4. S /S -S OLID EMI OLID L H IQUID ANDLING H ANDLING Free-stall barn Housing Outdoor lots and pens Feedlot (barnlot) Facility (manure with minimum or no bedding) Flush Liquid/solid Gutter cleaning Scrape: tractor or Slotted Collection system separation Tractor scrape cable floor & Transfer Chain conveyor Bucket loader Auger conveyor Piston pump solid Gravity channel liquid Stored within pen Earthen basin Concrete Earthen Plank wall Storage Concrete slab Concrete pit or tank pit basin or Steel tank Lagoon Compost pile Compost pile Agitate Box spreader Transport Irrigation Box spreader Flail spreader system Flail spreader Tank wagon Utilization Field spread on pasture or cropland Handling Dairy Manure

5. Technologies to Control Odor • Prevent odor generation • Capture or destroy odors before any release to the atmosphere • Dispersion or disguise of odors

6. Buildings = Constant Source Buildings typically release a relatively constant amount of odors & gases compared to: • Land application • Occurs once or twice a year • Impact is for short period of time • Storages • Releases decrease in cold weather • Management may affect releases significantly

7. Odor Prevention Technologies • Manure removal • Dust control • Anaerobic treatment • Aeration or Oxidation • Feed additives • Manure pit or lagoon additives • pH control

8. Frequent Manure Removal Frequent removal of manure from floor surfaces reduces the generation of odors in a building.

9. Manure Separation • Why are you separating?? • It’s not always about loading…… • Sand, grit, debris • Difficult to remove fine particles/nutrients • Knowledge of flowrateis critical • Efficiency?? Don’t believe what you are told!!

10. Sources of Odor from Outdoor Lots • Open lots • Manure stockpiles • Disposal pits • Land application areas • Runoff holding ponds • Anaerobic lagoons (liquid manure handling) • DUST

11. Driver #1: Loose Manure Depth Deep and soft Thin and well compacted

12. Manure not yet harvested, > 2” deep Wind Manure harvested within previous 3 days, < 1” deep Loose manure compounded by evening cow activity (Driver #2)

13. Driver #3: Manure Moisture Content

14. 1 2 3 4 Feed apron Moisture Dynamics Vary Within Corrals Water trough High activity; High moisture Low activity; Low moisture

15. 1 2 3 4 Feed apron Moisture Dynamics Vary Within Corrals (continued) Water trough High activity; High moisture Low activity; Low moisture

16. 0.5" 1" 2" 4" Catch-Up Water Requirements 80 70 60 50 Water Requirement (gal/hd) 40 30 20 10 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Initial Moisture Content (% wet basis) Raising the moisture content of a loose manure layer by 10% requires 6-9 gal/hd per 1 inch of loose manure depth depending on its bulk density.

17. Complete Anaerobic Digestion Volatile solids Odorous volatiles Methane (CH4) and other gases Acid- producing bacteria Methane- producing bacteria

18. Incomplete Anaerobic Digestion Volatile solids Odorous volatiles Methane (CH4) and other gases Acid- producing bacteria Methane- producing bacteria • Limitations: • Design/Construction • Poor Management • Cold Temperatures

19. Treatment: Anaerobic Digestion

20. Treatment: High-rate Aeration

21. Treatment: “Compost” Systems

22. Chemical Additives to Manure for Odor and Gas Control • Difficult to determine effectiveness of the many additives that are available • Relatively few products have been shown to significantly reduce odor or gases like NH3. • Products are available for addition to either liquid or solid manure. • Concern over cost per animal per year

23. Chemical Additives to Manure for Odor and Gas Control Effectiveness depended on specific irritant • Ammonia reduction in liquid manure • 39 products were effective • 18 not effective • Odor reduction • 22 helped • 33 did not

24. Technologies to Capture and Treat Odors • Manure storage covers • “Biological” cover • Synthetic cover • Mechanically ventilated production houses • Biofilters • Biomass filters • Washing walls

25. Straw cover being installed on a 4-acre lagoon in Iowa

26. Cross Section of Biological Cover Conventional Storage “Biologically” Covered Storage Aerobic Zone 8 - 12” Straw Cover Solution Interface Effluent Effluent Anaerobic Zone

27. Straw cover after 1 week

28. Geotextile Cover ~ $0.15/sq.ft. installed BioCapTM

29. “Berm to Berm” Basin/Lagoon Cover$0.63/ft2 installed

30. Technologies to Disperse Odors • Site Selection • Ventilation Design • Windbreak/Dustbreak Walls • Vegetated Wind Breaks • Perfumes • Masking Agents Developed primarily for mechanically ventilated systems … but theory needs to be adopted for open freestalls and corrals

31. Windbreak/Dustbreak Walls Lagoon Plume dispersion and breakup Lagoon Some dust will be deposited

32. Red Smoke Candle Showing Fan Airflow Toward Windbreak Wall on Swine Finishing Building

33. Red Smoke Showing Airflow Out of Windbreak Wall Enclosure

34. Air Dam: 1,000hd Finishing Barn

35. Open Face Biofilter: 400-hd Farrowing Barn, MN

36. Container BiofilterIn-Vessel Food Composting Site, MN

37. Most Complaints Arise from Land Application

38. WastewaterIrrigation • Dilute 1:5 –10 H2O • Maximize droplet size • Large nozzles • Low pressures • Minimize distance droplets move through the air • Downward projecting nozzles • Drops to put nozzles in canopy or close to ground • No wastewater irrigation if >10mph

39. Drop Hoses

40. Slurry Application

41. Drop Hose Toolbar

42. Aerator Incorporator Aerator tines Manure applicators 7.5-inch spacing

43. Injection Running double disk injectors deeper covers manure better but also covers more crop residue.

44. Injection Direct injection of manure is the most effective way to minimize gaseous emissions.

45. No Till Injector Sweep Injector

46. Soybean Stubble in SC Coastal Plain Applied at 60,000 gallons per hour No-Till Injector Sweep Injector

47. Odor Management Plans

48. Contents of OMP • IDAHO • Facility Information • Facility Description • Vicinity Map • Manure Management System • Site Plan • Land Application System • Climatic Data • Facility Odor Sources • Tiered Odor Reduction • Public Involvement • Review

49. Facility Odor Sources • Bulleted List of potential odor sources • General ranking of sources overall • Discussion of each source • Why is it a source? • How much does it contribute? • Justification for ranking • Ranking • Surface area, frequency, duration, intensity • Other data – chemical comp., location, etc.

50. Tiered Odor Reduction • Tiers • Enable facility to assess reduction techniques “individually” • Prevents facility from spending large amounts of money all at once • Allows to determine if more is needed • IDAHO • 3-Tiered process