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Introduction to Nouns: Second Declension Chapter 4

Introduction to Nouns: Second Declension Chapter 4. Inflection. The inflection of a noun is called a declension. A changing of the form of a word to allow it to perform different functions. She – Her. Child – Children. Speak – Speaking – Speaks – Spoke – Spoken.

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Introduction to Nouns: Second Declension Chapter 4

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  1. Introduction to Nouns:Second DeclensionChapter 4

  2. Inflection The inflection of a noun is called a declension A changing of the form of a word to allow it to perform different functions. She – Her Child – Children Speak – Speaking – Speaks – Spoke – Spoken

  3. In Greek, nouns must be inflected (declined) since word order doesn’t necessarily determine their function.In English, word order, along with the use of prepositions, determines a noun’s function in the sentence. In other words, English word order, etc., takes the place of Greek declensions.

  4. Exception:Weird English English does have a few case endings only when showing possession (student’s, book’s, et al.). That is, a few English words are declined.

  5. Word Order Examples He is your father. (Note that “He” is the subject because “He” precedes the verb.) English will, on occasion, allow a “Yoda” moment. Stung by the bee he was. But this is rare, unusual, and still requires a helping verb.

  6. Continued . . . The father gave the book to the library. (Note that “library” is the indirect object because “library” follows the preposition “to”.)

  7. Case, in a Greek noun, indicates the form of the word needed to express that noun’s relationship to the other words of the sentence.

  8. Greek Cases Case Function Example Men see apostles. Subject Nominative Genitive Possession The homes of men Dative God gave wisdom to men. Indirect Object Accusative Direct Object Apostles see men. Vocative Address Forward, men!

  9. Case, in a Greek noun, indicates the form of the word needed to express that noun’s relationship to the other words of the sentence. Word order isn’t as significant as case. Subject? ajkouvei a[vvvvnqrwpoV qeovn. ajkouvei a[nqrwpon qeovV. Direct Object?

  10. There are 3 declensions for Greek nouns. Each group contains nouns with the same pattern of endings. Stems end witho. They are mostly masculine & neuter. 2nd Declension Stems end witha or h. They are primarily feminine. 1st Declension Stems end with a consonant. 3rd Declension

  11. Masculine 2nd Declension ku,rioj Voc Sng a lord ku,riou Gen Sng of a lord ku,rie Dat Sng ku,riw| to a lord Lord! ku,rion Acc Sng a lord Nom Sng Nom Pl ku,rioi lords ku,riwn Gen Pl Voc Sng of lords Dat Pl ku,rioij ku,rioi to lords ku,riouj Acc Pl lords Lords!

  12. Neuter 2nd Declension dw/ron Voc Sng a gift dw,rou Gen Sng of a gift dw/ron Dat Sng dw,rw| to a gift a gift dw/ron Acc Sng a gift Nom Sng Nom Pl dw/ra gifts dw,rwn Gen Pl Voc Pl of gifts Dat Pl dw,roij dw/ra to gifts dw/ra Acc Pl gifts gifts

  13. ajkouvei tevkna lovgouV oi[kw/. Neuter plural nouns regularly take singular verbs. I don’t know why; they just do, OK?

  14. Other Uses of the Genitive & Dative • ablative genitive • indicates source (“from a house”) • locative dative • indicates location (“in a field”) • instrumental dative • indicates means (“by a word”) • dative of personal advantage • indicates what something is for (“for a man”) You just have to learn them by seeing them . . . . over & over & over & over & over, & by the way, over

  15. Holy Crap! Something just like English! • Copulative verbs “link” subject and predicate • I am he. Both subject and object are in the nominative case because the verb “to be” links them. • eijmiv is a copulative verb. As a result, the subject and object should both be in nominative case. • eijmiv ajdelfovV (not eijmiv ajdelfovn)

  16. We aren’t quite ready to decline the definite article (“the”).For now, you need to know the following: Masculine oJ Feminine hJ Neuter tov

  17. Conjunctions Subordinating Coordinating Coordinating conjunctions connect parallel words or clauses. Subordinating conjunctions introduce clauses dependent on some other clause. kaiv – and, also, even dev – now, but ajllav - but kaiv...kaiv – both...and

  18. Conjunctions Coordinating dev is postpositive. e.g., douvlouV blevyeiV, ajnqrwvpouV de; blevyomen. ajllav elides. e.g., eijmiv ajpovstoloV, ajll= uiJoiv ejste.

  19. Greek Word Order The subject normally goes after the verb in NT texts. gravfousin uiJoi; lovgouV. Likewise, the genitive normally follows its noun. gravfousin uiJoi; ajpostovlou lovgouV.

  20. When word order alters from these general cases, emphasis is usually intended. ajpovstolon blevpei a[nqrwpoV.It is an apostle a man sees. eijmiv qeou: dou:loV.I am God’s servant.

  21. Example of Irregular 2nd Declension “Jesus” jIhsouV Jesus Voc Sng jIhsou: Gen Sng of Jesus jIhsou: Dat Sng jIhsou: to Jesus Nom Sng jIhsou:n Acc Sng Jesus Jesus!

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