SCA Hiking Club

1. SCA Hiking Club First Aid Orientation Call 911 rev1.4 thode06-10-2007

2. This class is a common sense orientation of some of the basics of first aid • This is not intended as a to substitute for a Red Cross first aid class • This Class is for Hikers & Hike Leaders, put together by other Hikers in our club • Always Call 911 for professional medical care • Good to know CPR • Your call Call 911

3. Information was gathered from: Call 911

4. Nev. Rev. Stat. §41.500 (1963)Nev. Rev. Stat. §41.500.8 (2000)(AED User Limited Liability)Nev. Rev. Stat. §41.506 (2000)(Gen. Stat.) • Help protect rescuers voluntarily helping a victim in distress from being successfully sued in tort (i.e. for wrongdoing) • The laws of Nevada apply to all citizens • "Any person who, in good faith, renders emergency medical care or assistance to an injured person at the scene of an accident or other emergency without the expectation of receiving or intending to receive compensation from such injured person for such service, shall not be liable in civil damages for any act or omission, not constituting gross negligence, in the course of such care or assistance." Call 911

5. Prevention • Be Prepared • Have a first aid kit on the hike • Have water • Have nutrition / salt / minerals • Be aware of your surroundings • Have communication, know where you are & know who to call • Have protection from the elements (cold & sun) Call 911

6. Call 911

7. ABC • A AIRWAY  B BREATHING  C CIRCULATION (and bleeding)  • Only then, look at burns and broken bones.   Call 911

8. A Airway The airway of an unconscious person may be narrowed or blocked, making breathing difficult and noisy or impossible. This happens when the tongue drops back and blocks the throat. Lifting the chin and tilting the head back lifts the tongue away from the entrance to the air passage. Place two fingers under the point of the person’s chin and lift the jaw, while placing your other hand on the forehead and tilting the head well back. If you think the neck may be injured, thrust the jaw forward carefully, just enough to open the airway. Call 911

9. B Breathing Check for breathing by placing your head near the person’s nose and mouth. Feel for breath on your cheek or moisture on the back of your hand. Also check for rise & fall of chest If a person has just stopped breathing use mouth to mouth ventilation. Make sure the airway is open and head tilted back. Pinch the nostrils together, take a deep breath and blow into the mouth, firmly sealing your lips around the mouth so air is not lost. You should see the chest rise. Remove your lips and let the chest fall. Continue this, giving about ten breaths every minute until help arrives or breathing begins. Call 911

10. C Circulation Check for circulation (to see if the heart is still beating) by feeling for the Carotid pulse with two fingers. Ask if anyone knows CPR Stop bleeding by applying firm pressure to the wound for about 15 minutes. Never use a tourniquet. Using a tourniquet is a decision to loose that limb. Call 911

11. The Recovery Position This is the best position for an unconscious person or someone having a fit. It allows them to breathe easily and prevents them from choking. After checking the ABC, bend the nearest arm to you, putting the hand by the head. Then bring the far arm across the chest and hold both hands in one of yours. With your other hand pull the furthest leg up at the knee and roll the person towards you to lie in this position.  Might be appropriate if traumatic injury. Call 911

12. CPR What are the chances of success on a trail? Low if help is distant Call 911

13. But…. Choking because of an obstructed airway is a leading cause of accidental death. If a choking person is not coughing or is unable to speak, that's your cue to perform the Heimlich maneuver immediately. Choking is a different story Universal sign of choking Call 911

14. Sweep the mouth 1st Ask the choking person to stand if he or she is sitting. Place yourself slightly behind the standing victim. Reassure the victim that you know the Heimlich maneuver and are going to help. Place your arms around the victim's waist. Make a fist with one hand and place your thumb toward the victim, just above his or her belly button Grab your fist with your other hand. Deliver several upward squeeze-thrusts into the abdomen Until success Call 911

15. Broken Bones Do Not move Splint / Ace Bandage Fractured ankle, support for the walk out Call 911

16. transport Call 911

17. Treat neck injuries as a spine injury Neck & Spine Injuries The goal of first aid for a spinal injury is to keep the person in much the same position as he or she was found. Keep the person still. Place heavy towels on both sides of the neck or hold the head and neck to prevent movement. Provide as much first aid as possible without moving the person's head or neck. If the person shows no signs of circulation (breathing, coughing or movement), begin CPR, but do not tilt the head back to open the airway. Use your fingers to gently grasp the jaw and lift it forward. If you absolutely must roll the person because he or she is vomiting, choking on blood or in danger of further injury, use at least two people. Work together to keep the person's head, neck and back aligned while rolling the person onto one side. Call 911

18. Altitude • First signs of high-altitude illness are headache, lightheadedness, weakness, and an upset stomach. If you have these symptoms, stop going up or go back down to a lower altitude until your symptoms go away. • More severe symptoms include difficulty breathing even while you're resting, coughing, confusion and the inability to walk in a straight line. If you get these symptoms, go to a lower altitude right away. • HACE • HAPE Call 911

19. Dehydration Dehydration occurs when the body has lost too much fluid and electrolytes (the salts potassium and sodium). Although water is extremely important in preventing dehydration, it does not contain electrolytes. Dehydration Symptoms It's important to recognize dehydration symptoms early. Untreated, dehydration can develop into shock. The signs and symptoms of dehydration include: dizziness headache dark urine (may have a strong odor) inability to urinate dry mouth and nose weakness nausea and vomiting Call 911

20. Symptoms of early or mild dehydration include: flushed face extreme thirst, more than normal or unable to drink dry, warm skin cannot pass urine or reduced amounts, dark, yellow dizziness made worse when you are standing weakness cramping in the arms and legs crying with few or no tears sleepy or irritable unwell headaches dry mouth, dry tongue; with thick saliva. Call 911

21. Symptoms of moderate to severe dehydration include: fainting severe muscle contractions in the arms, legs, stomach, and back convulsions a bloated stomach sunken dry eyes, with few or no tears skin loses its firmness and looks wrinkled lack of elasticity of the skin (when a bit of skin lifted up stays folded and takes a long time to go back to its normal position) rapid and deep breathing - faster than normal fast, weak pulse Call 911

22. What to do? Sports drinks, like Gatorade, can help restore electrolytes (do not just bring Gatorade, drink water with minerals) Water with minerals Salt, peanuts, trail mix, fruit To estimate your state of hydration, check the color of your urine. Clearer means that you are better hydrated darker yellow indicates dehydration. Ask, “when was the last time you urinated” ? Call 911

23. How to prevent Stay hydrated, drink water with minerals (not distilled) Eat salt (i.e. trail mix) Caffeine suppresses both thirst and hunger sensations and causes your kidneys to remove water from your bloodstream faster than normal Alcohol also acts as a diuretic. In addition, it dilates the blood vessels of the skin, giving a false sense of warmth and affecting your thermal regulation and sweat control Don't Eat Snow.Always melt snow before you consume it. Although you need to have water to metabolize and produce heat, the amount of energy you spend melting snow is greater than the amount of energy your body will gain in increased metabolism Call 911

24. Hypothermia Hypothermia occurs when your body's control mechanisms fail to maintain a normal body temperature. Signs and symptoms that may develop include gradual loss of mental and physical abilities Hypothermia is defined as an internal body temperature less than 95 F. Signs and symptoms include: Shivering Slurred speech Abnormally slow breathing Cold, pale skin Loss of coordination Fatigue, lethargy or apathy Call 911

25. What to do? Move the person out of the cold. If going indoors isn't possible, protect the person from the wind, cover his or her head, and insulate his or her body from the cold ground. Remove wet clothing. Replace wet things with a warm, dry covering. Keep um warm, wrap in a blanket Don't give the person alcohol. Offer warm nonalcoholic drinks, unless the person is vomiting. Don't massage or rub the person. Handle people with hypothermia gently, because they're at risk of cardiac arrest. Call 911

26. Frost Byte • Frostbite is damage to body tissue caused by the tissue being frozen. Frostbite causes a loss of feeling and a white or pale appearance in extremities, such as fingers, toes, ear lobes, or the tip of the nose.  If symptoms are detected, get medical help immediately!  If you must wait for help, slowly re-warm affected areas.  However, if the person is also showing signs of hypothermia, warm the body core before the extremities. Call 911

27. Bleeding Pressure and Elevation, to stop Layer additional sterile bandages on top of blood-soaked bandages. Don't remove the gauze that's already in place, as this may disrupt the clotting. Immobilize the limb using a splint, in cases of serious bleeding from limbs, to prevent bleeding from recurring. Clean and dress the wound after bleeding has been controlled in order to prevent infection Call 911

28. Other Chest pain = aspirin (older than 19) Pain Relief = Ibuprofen Tetanus shot, stay current Call 911

29. Critters Call 911

30. sidewinder speckled Snakes mojave Call 911 Diamondback Black tailed

31. What to do? Prevent: Do not step where you can not see (logs etc) Do not put your hand where you can not see Healthy folks usually do not die from snake bites in our area when treated at a medical facility Treat: Get medical help, do not suck out, or tourniquet. Keep patient calm, get to Doctor ASAP Call 911

32. Scorpions Only one species of scorpion in North America and about 20 others worldwide have venom potent enough to be dangerous to human beings. It is also known as the Arizona Bark Scorpion. A small population occurs in extreme southeastern California, and a few records exist for southern Utah and small parts of Texas, New Mexico and Nevada. The venom of this scorpion can cause severe pain and swelling at the site of the sting, numbness, frothing at the mouth, respiratory difficulties, muscle twitching, and convulsions The sting is more dangerous to infants, small children and the elderly. Death is rare, especially in more recent times Call 911

33. Ticks Wear light-colored clothing so ticks can be easily seen. Wear a long-sleeved shirt, hat, long pants, and tuck your pant legs into your socks. How should a tick be removed? Ticks should be removed promptly and carefully by using tweezers and applying gentle steady traction. Do not crush the tick’s body when removing it and apply the tweezers as close to the skin as possible to avoid leaving parts of the tick’s mouth in the skin.Do not remove ticks with your bare hands or heat.Protect your hands with gloves, cloth or tissue and be sure to wash your hands after removing a tick. Call 911

34. How to prevent Walk in the center of trails to avoid overhanging grass and brush. Use insect repellents containing DEET on your skin (except the face) or permethrin on clothing. Be sure to follow the directions on the container and wash off repellents when going indoors.Remove attached ticks immediately. Call 911

35. The first aid kit Call 911

36. Cary in your pack Medical Cards • HEALTH INFORMATION(OVER for additional information) • Name____________________________________ • Emergency Contact Name_______________________ • Emergency Contact Phone______________________ • Prescribed Drugs Dosage Condition • Preferred Hospital • Last Tetanus Booster This card is available under “forms” on our web site http://www.sunhikers.homestead.com/ Call 911

37. Emergency Who to call? This card is available under “forms” on our website http://www.sunhikers.homestead.com/ Call 911

38. The End • Questions? Call 911