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CHAPTER 13

CHAPTER 13. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM. COMPARISON ???. http://medicalpicturesinfo.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Circulatory-system-diagram-4.gif. http://s3.amazonaws.com/readers/2010/11/06/nervoussystem_1.jpg. GLAND TYPES. PARACRINE GLAND.

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CHAPTER 13

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  1. CHAPTER 13 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

  2. COMPARISON??? http://medicalpicturesinfo.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Circulatory-system-diagram-4.gif http://s3.amazonaws.com/readers/2010/11/06/nervoussystem_1.jpg

  3. GLAND TYPES

  4. PARACRINE GLAND http://e.hormone.tulane.edu/learning/images/chem_strucs/signaling/paracrine.gif

  5. AUTOCRINE GLAND http://edrv.endojournals.org/content/24/2/152/F4.large.jpg

  6. EXOCRINE AND ENDOCRINE http://thumbs.dreamstime.com/thumblarge_532/1282606284v6828X.jpg

  7. HORMONES SECRETED BY • SMALL GROUPS OF SPECIALIZED CELLS • ORGANS www.heartinfo.org/ www.parathyroid.com

  8. HOW HORMONES TRAVEL www.emc.maricopa.edu

  9. HORMONE STRUCTURE www.emc.maricopa.edu

  10. HORMONE TYPES

  11. STEROID HORMONES www.emc.maricopa.edu

  12. HORMONE STRUCTURE www.emc.maricopa.edu

  13. PARACRINE SECRETIONS

  14. HORMONE ACTION • ALTER METABOLIC PROCESSES • UP-REGULATION: INCREASE OF TARGET CELL RECEPTORS • DOWN-REGULATION ??

  15. STEROID AND THYROID HORMONES • INSOLUBLE IN WATER • CARRIED ON PLASMA PROTEINS • LIPID SOLUBLE: DIFFUSES INTO TARGET CELL • COMBINE WITH PROTEIN RECEPTOR (USUALLY IN NUCLEUS) • HORMONE-RECEPTOR COMPLEX BINDS TO SPECIFIC DNA GENES • ACTIVATES OR REPRESSES THE GENES • ACTIVATED GENES FORM RNA • RNA DIRECTS PROTEIN SYNTHESIS • PROTEINS CARRY OUT FUNCTION FOR THE HORMONE

  16. STEROID HORMONE ACTION www.emc.maricopa.edu

  17. STEROID HORMONE ACTION PART 2 www.emc.maricopa.edu

  18. NONSTEROID HORMONE ACTION WATER SOLUBLE LIPID INSOLUBLE HORMONE (FIRST MESSENGER) BINDS TO PROTEIN RECEPTOR ON TARGET CELL MEMBRANE AT BINDING SITE RECEPTOR’S ACTIVITY SITE INTERACTS WITH MEMBRANE PROTEINS (SECOND MESSENGERS) COMMONLY G PROTEIN STIMULATED TO ACTIVATE ADENYLATE CYCLASE WHICH REMOVES 2 PHOSPHATES FROM ATP FORMING cAMP

  19. NONSTEROID HORMONE ACTION (CONTINUED) • cAMP ACTIVATES PROTEIN KINASES WHICH PHOSPHORYLATE SUBSTRATE MOLECULES • WHICH CHANGES THEIR SHAPE, ACTIVATING THEM WHICH THEN CAUSES THE CHANGE OF THE HORMONE

  20. NONSTEROID HORMONE ACTION (III) • OTHER SECOND MESSENGERS: • DAG • cGMP OR INCREASES CALCIUM IN CELLS BY DIFFUSION OR IP3 (INOTOSITOL TRIPHOSPHATE) ACTIVATING CALMODULIN WHICH THEN AFFECTS ENZYMES UNLIKE STEROID HORMONES (DEPENDENT ON NUMBER OF RECEPTORS) WITH SECOND MESSENGERS THE MESSAGE CAN BE GREATLY AMPLIFIED ?

  21. NON-STEROID HORMONE ACTION 1 www.emc.maricopa.edu

  22. NON-STEROID HORMONE ACTION 2 www.emc.maricopa.edu

  23. NON-STEROID HORMONE ACTION 3 www.emc.maricopa.edu

  24. NON-STEROID HORMONE ACTION 4 www.emc.maricopa.edu

  25. AMPLIFICATION ??

  26. NEGATIVE FEEDBACK ?? www.emc.maricopa.edu

  27. NEGATIVE FEEDBACK www.growtall.com

  28. ENDOCIRNE SYSTEM www.emc.maricopa.edu

  29. HYPOTHALAMUS • LINKS NERVOUS SYSTEM TO ENDOCRINE SYSTEM BY THE PITUITARY www.growtall.com

  30. HYPOTHALAMUS www.growtall.com

  31. HYPOTHALAMUS/ PITUITARY www.emc.maricopa.edu

  32. ANTERIOR/POSTERIOR PITUITARY www.emc.maricopa.edu

  33. HYPOTHALAMUS/PITUITARY CONTROL www.emc.maricopa.edu

  34. PITUITARY HORMONES www.growtall.com

  35. ANTERIOR PITUITARY • 5 TYPES OF EPITHELIAL CELLS AROUND BLOOD VESSELS • CONTROL BY HORMONES (RELEASING FACTORS) RELEASED BY THE HYPOTHALAMUS

  36. ANTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONES • SOMATROPES: GH/ SOMATOTROPIN • GHRH (stimulates); SS (inhibits) • MAMMATROPES: PRL • PIH (DOPAMINE) (inhibits); MAYBE MORE THAN ONE PRF (stimulates) • THYROTROPES: TSH/THYROTROPIN • TRH (stimulates) OR LESS TRH • CORTICOTROPES: ACTH • CRH (stimulates); STRESS RELEASES MORE CRH • GONADOTROPES: FSH & LH/ICSH • MORE COMPLEX; GnRH(stimulates) • ****ALL CONTROL FACTORS ARE RELEASED BY HYPOTHALAMUS

  37. POSTERIOR PITUITARY • NERVE FIBERS AND PITUICYTES (NEUROGLIA); NEUROSECRETORY CELLS SECRETE: • ADH/ VASSOPRESSIN • RELEASE CONTROLLED BY: • OSMORECEPTORS IN HYPOTHALAMUS • STRETCH RECEPTORS OF BLOOD VESSELS • OXYTOCIN • RELEASE CONTROLLED BY: • STRETCHING OF UTERUS IN LATE PREGNANCY • SUCKLING

  38. PITUICYTES www.unomaha.edu

  39. THYROID • ISTHMUS www.growtall.com

  40. FOLLICLES • FOLLICULAR CELLS THYROGLOBULIN www-medlib.med.utah.edu EXTRAFOLLICULAR CELLS

  41. THYROID HORMONES • T4/ THYROXINE • TSH/ ANTERIOR PITUITARY • INCREASES ENERGY RELEASE FROM CARBOHYDRATES • INCREASES PROTEIN SYNTHESIS • INCREASES NERVOUS SYSTEM ACTIVITY • T3/ TRIIODOTHYRONINE • TSH/ ANTERIOR PITUITARY • 5X STRONGER THAN T4

  42. CALCITONIN • BY EXTRAFOLLICULAR CELLS • DIRECTLY: BLOOD CALCIUM LEVELS; DIGESTIVE HORMONES

  43. CONTROL OF THYROID HORMONES • TRH FROM HYPOTHALAMUS STIMULATES TSH FROM ANTERIOR PITUITARY • TSH STIMULATES EPITHELIAL CELLS OF THYROID TO SECRETE HORMONES • INCREASE OF THYROID HORMONES HAS NEGATIVE FEEDBACK TO DECREASE PRODUCTION OF TRH AND TSH

  44. PARATHYROID www.growtall.com

  45. PARATHYROID HORMONES • TIGHTLY PACKED SECRETORY CELLS WITH CAPILLARIES: CHIEF CELLS • PTH • BLOOD CALCIUM FEEDBACK • CALCITONIN AND PTH CONTROL BLOOD CALCIUM • PTH STIMULATES OSTEOCLASTS ?? (INCREASES NUMBER) • PTH ALSO CAUSES SMALL INTESTINES TO BECOME MORE EFFICIENT AT ABSORBING CLACIUM BY ACTIVATING VITAMIN D • PTH INCREASES WHEN BLOOD CALCIUM LEVEL DECREASES (NOT BY RELEASING FACTORS) • CAUSES KIDNEYS TO REABSORB MORE CALCIUM FROM URINE

  46. ADRENAL GLAND www.growtall.com

  47. LOCATED BEHIND THE PERITONEUM, 12TH THORACIC VERTEBRAE, BENEATH ADIPOSE TISSUE • TWO PARTS: • CORTEX • MEDULLA

  48. ADRENAL MEDULLA • MEDULLA: MODIFIED POSTGANGLIONIC NEURONS • TIED TO SYMPATHETIC ns • EPINEPHRINE/ADRENALIN • NOREPINEPHRINE • AMINE • CONVERTED FROM NOREPINEPHRINE • STORED IN CHROMAFFIN GRANULES (VESSICLES)

  49. EFFECTS OF ADRENAL MEDULLA HORMONES • SAME AS SYMPATHETIC NS NUEROTRANSMITTERS: ‘FIGHT OR FLIGHT’ • LAST 10X LONGER • 80% EPINEPHRINE 20% NOREPINEPHRINE • AFFECT ALPHA AND BETA RECEPTORS; NOREPINEHRINE AFFECTS ALPHA MORE • CONTROLLED BY SYMPATHETIC NEURONS FROM HYPOTHALAMUS

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