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Standard 9. The student will identify key events, issues, and individuals relating to the causes, course, and consequences of the Civil War. A. The Kansas-Nebraska Act.
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Standard 9 The student will identify key events, issues, and individuals relating to the causes, course, and consequences of the Civil War.
The Kansas-Nebraska Act • It created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska and allowed settlers in those territories to determine if they would allow slavery within their boundaries. • The act established that settlers could vote to decide whether to allow slavery, in the name of popular sovereignty or rule of the people. • The Kansas-Nebraska Act divided the nation and pointed it toward civil war. • The act itself nullified the Missouri Compromise of 1820 and the Compromise of 1850.
John Brown • John Brown was an American abolitionist, and folk hero who advocated and used violence as a means to end all slavery. • John Brown and his sons gained notoriety in the fight against slavery by brutally murdering five pro-slavery farmers with a broadsword in Kansas. • This action occurred during a time known as “Bleeding Kansas”.
Dred Scott v. Sanford • Dred Scott was a slave who sued unsuccessfully for his freedom. • His case was based on the fact that he was a slave, but had lived in states and territories where slavery was illegal. • The United States Supreme Court ruled seven to two against Scott, finding that neither he, nor any person of African ancestry, could claim citizenship in the United States, and that therefore Scott could not bring suit in federal court. • Essentially, the Supreme Court stated that slaves were property.
John Brown’s Raid = Harpers Ferry • It was an attempt by John Brown to start an armed slave revolt by seizing a United States Arsenal at Harpers Ferry in Virginia. • Within 36 hours of the failed attack, Brown's men had fled or been killed or captured by local farmers, militiamen, and U.S. Marines led by Robert E. Lee. • He was tried for treason against the state of Virginia, the murder of five proslavery Southerners, and inciting a slave insurrection and was subsequently hanged.
John Brown’s Influence • Historians agree that the Harpers Ferry raid in 1859 escalated tensions that a year later led to secession and the American Civil War. • Southerners said that Brown’s raid was a natural progression of the Republican anti-slavery position. • Northerners praised Brown as a hero and a martyr.
The Gettysburg Address • In just over two minutes, Lincoln invoked the principles of human equality written in the Declaration of Independence and redefined the Civil War as a struggle not merely for the Union, but as "a new birth of freedom" that would bring true equality to all of its citizens, and that would also create a unified nation in which states' rights were no longer dominant.
Emergency Powers • During the Civil War, Lincoln appropriated powers no previous President had wielded: • He used his war powers to proclaim a blockade • He suspended the writ of habeas corpus • Habeas corpus is a legal action through which a person can seek relief from the unlawful detention of him or herself, or of another person. • He spent money before Congress appropriated it • He imprisoned between 15,000 and 18,000 suspected Confederate sympathizers without trial.
Ulysses S. Grant • Grant was appointed the leader of the Union armies by Lincoln in 1864. • Grant implemented a coordinated strategy of simultaneous attacks aimed at destroying the South's armies and its economy's ability to sustain its forces. • In 1865, after mounting a successful war of attrition against his Confederate opponents, he accepted the surrender of Confederate General Robert E. Lee at Appomattox Court House.
Robert E. Lee • He is best known for commanding the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia in the American Civil War. • He was adored by his men and seen as the face of the Confederacy. • Lee became the great Southern hero of the war.
Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson • He was a Confederate general during the American Civil War. • He was probably the most well-known Confederate commander after General Robert E. Lee. • He earned the nickname “Stonewall” at the Battle of Bull Run. • He was accidentally shot by his own men and died a few days later from complications.
William Tecumseh Sherman • Sherman served under General Ulysses S. Grant at the beginning of the war. • In 1864, Sherman succeeded Grant as the Union commander in the western theater of the war. • After Grant was given control of the entire Union army. • He proceeded to lead his troops to the capture of the city of Atlanta, a military success that contributed to the re-election of President Abraham Lincoln.
William Tecumseh Sherman • He ordered the burning of Atlanta. • After burning Atlanta, he went on a 300-mile march across Georgia to Savannah. • This is known as the “March to the Sea”. • After capturing Savannah, Sherman took his army north through South Carolina. • They left almost nothing standing in their path.
Jefferson Davis • He served as President of the Confederate States of America for its entire history, 1861 to 1865, during the American Civil War. • While not disgraced, he was displaced in Southern affection after the war by its leading general, Robert E. Lee.
Battle of Fort Sumter • The Battle of Fort Sumter was the bombardment and surrender of Fort Sumter near Charleston, South Carolina, that started the American Civil War. • This was the first battle of the Civil War.
Battle of Antietam • The first major battle in the American Civil War to take place on Northern soil. • It was the bloodiest single-day battle in American history, with about 23,000 casualties. • The northern victory to give President Abraham Lincoln the confidence to announce his Emancipation Proclamation, which discouraged the British and French governments from potential plans for recognition of the Confederacy.
Battle of Vicksburg • The Union laid siege to the city for 40 days. • The loss of Vicksburg yielded command of the Mississippi River to the Union forces, which would hold it for the rest of the conflict.
Battle of Gettysburg • The Battle of Gettysburg was the battle with the largest number of casualties in the American Civil War. • It is often described as the war's turning point. • From this point on, the North started to attack the South and win the war.
Battle for Atlanta • The Atlanta Campaign was a series of battles fought throughout northwest Georgia and the area around Atlanta, Georgia. • This campaign lead to the eventual fall of Atlanta and hastening the end of the American Civil War. • The Atlanta Campaign was followed by Sherman's March to the Sea. • The March to the Sea destroyed the South’s ability to continue the war.
Emancipation Proclamation • It declared the freedom of all slaves in any state of the Confederate States of America that did not return to Union control by January 1, 1863. • Although most slaves were not freed immediately, the Proclamation brought freedom to thousands of slaves the day it went into effect in parts of nine of the ten states to which it applied. • The Proclamation provided the legal framework for the emancipation of nearly all four million slaves as the Union armies advanced, and committed the Union morally to ending slavery. • Which was a controversial decision even in the North.
North v. South • More industry • Larger population • More railroads • Established government • Established Army • Established Navy • More telegraph lines • Economy balanced between industry and agriculture • Better trained officers • Most of war fought in their own territory • Defensive strategy • The South was fighting to preserve its way of life.
The End • Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House. • Grant did not allow celebration because the southern soldiers were once again U.S. citizens.
