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Understanding the Urinary System and its Functions

This chapter provides an overview of the urinary system, including its functions, anatomy, and common symptoms and disorders. Learn about the kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra, and various diseases and conditions that affect the genitourinary system.

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Understanding the Urinary System and its Functions

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  1. Chapter Six Genitourinary System

  2. Chapter Six Part I: Urinary System 2

  3. Functions of the Urinary System • Maintains homeostasis • Extracellular fluids • Cleans the blood • Removes urea, creatinine, and uric acid • Release of urine • Urination • Voiding • Micturition Word Parts extra- = outside cellul/o = cell -ar = pertaining to urin/o = urine -ation = process of

  4. Male Urinary System

  5. Female Urinary System

  6. Renal Tissue • Parenchymal tissue • Kidneys • Stromal tissue • Ureters • Urinary bladder • Trigone • Urethra • Urinary meatus Be Careful! Do not confuse ureters with the urethra. Word Parts nephr/o, ren/o = kidney ureter/o = ureter cyst/o, vesic/o = urinary bladder trigon/o = trigone urethr/o = urethra meat/o = urinary meatus

  7. The Kidney • Location • Retroperitoneal cavity • Size • Gross structure • Renal capsule • Cortex • Medulla • Renal pyramids • Papilla • Renal pelvis • Calyx/calix • Hilum Be Careful! Calic/o, calyc/o, and cali/o are the combining forms for calyx, but calc/o is the combining form for calcium. Word Parts retro- = behind peritone/o = peritoneum cortic/o = cortex medull/o = medulla pyel/o = renal pelvis calic/o, calyc/o, cali/o = calyx hil/o = hilum

  8. The Nephron • Nephron • Renal corpuscle • Glomerulus (glomerul/o) • Bowman’s capsule • Proximal convoluted tubule • Nephronic loop (loop of Henle) • Distal convoluted tubule

  9. Urinary Symptoms and Signs (R30 to R39) • Anuria • Dysuria • Hematuria • Nocturia • Oliguria • Pyuria Be Careful! -uria is a suffix that means urinary condition; urea is a chemical waste product. Py/o means pus and pyel/o means renal pelvis. Word Parts -uria = urinary condition an- = without dys- = painful, abnormal hemat/o = blood noct/i = night olig/o = scanty, few poly- = excessive, frequent

  10. Urinary Symptoms and Signs (R30 to R39) • Enuresis • Extrarenal uremia • Extravasation of urine • Urinary incontinence • Urinary retention • Vesical tenesmus Word Parts en- = in ur/o = urine -esis = state of extra- = outside ren/o = kidney vesic/o = bladder

  11. Glomerular Diseases (N00-N08) • Nephrotic syndrome • Acute nephritic syndrome Word Parts nephr/o = kidney -tic = pertaining to

  12. Renal Tubulo-interstitial Disease (N10-N16) • Hydronephrosis • Pyelonephritis • Pyonephrosis • Vesicoureteral reflux Hydronephrosis Word Parts hydr/o = water nephr/o = kidney -osis = abnormal condition pyel/o = renal pelvis -itis = inflammation py/o = pus vesic/o = urnary bladder ureter/o = ureter

  13. Acute Kidney Failure and Chronic Kidney Failure (N17-N19) • Renal Failure • Acute renal failure (ARF) • Chronic kidney disease (CKD) • Formerly called chronic renal failure (CRF)

  14. Urolithiasis (N20-N23) • Urolithiasis • Also called urinary calculi Word Parts ur/o = urine, urinary system lith/o = stone -iasis = condition, presence of Urolithiasis

  15. Other Disorders of Kidney and Ureter (N25-N29) • Nephroptosis • Nephropathy • Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus Word Parts nephr/o = kidney -ptosis = drooping, sagging -pathy = disease process -genic = pertaining to producing

  16. Other Diseases of the Urinary System (N30-N39) • Cystitis • Interstitial cystitis (IC) • Trigonitis Word Parts cyst/o = bladder -itis = inflammation inter- = between stiti/o = space -al = pertaining to trigon/o = trigone Acute cystitis

  17. Other Diseases of the Urinary System (N30-N39) • Urethritis • Urethral structure • Urinary tract infection (UTI) Word Parts urethr/o = urethra -itis = inflammation

  18. Benign Neoplasms (D30 and D41) • Renal adenoma • Renal oncocytoma • Transitional cell papilloma • Bladder papilloma Word Parts ren/o = kidney aden/o = gland -oma = tumor, mass onc/o = tumor cyt/o = cell papill/o = nipple

  19. Malignant Neoplasms (C64-C68) • Renal cell carcinoma • Nephroblastoma • Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder Word Parts nephr/o = kidney blast/o = embryonic -oma = tumor, mass Renal cell carcinoma From the CDC.

  20. Procedures • Urinalysis • Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) • Creatinine clearance test • Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

  21. Procedures • Cystoscopy Word Parts cyst/o = bladder -scopy = viewing -scope = instrument to view Cystoscopy

  22. Procedures • Cystectomy • Cystolithotomy • Nephrectomy • Nephrolithotomy • Nephropexy • Nephrostomy • Nephrotomy • Pyeloplasty Word Parts cyst/o = bladder -ectomy = cutting out -lithotomy = cutting out a stone nephr/o = kidney -pexy = suspension -stomy = making a new opening -tomy = cutting pyel/o = renal pelvis -plasty = surgically forming

  23. Procedures • Lithotripsy Word Parts lith/o = stone -tripsy = crushing

  24. Procedures • Renal dialysis • Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) • Hemodialysis CAPD Word Parts ren/o = kidney hem/o = blood dia- = through, complete -lysis = breaking down

  25. Procedures • Urethrolysis • Renal transplant • Meatotomy • Vesicotomy Word Parts urethr/o = urethra -lysis = breaking down meat/o = meatus -tomy = cutting vesic/o = bladder -tomy = cutting Renal transplant

  26. Pharmacology • Acidifiers • Alkalinizers • Anticholinergics • Antidiuretics • Anti-infectives • Antispasmodics • Diuretics

  27. Part II: Male Reproductive System 27

  28. Functions • Function • Reproduction • Provides half of genetic information

  29. Sagittal View of the Male Reproductive System

  30. Male Gonad: The Testis • Sagittal view of a testis

  31. Route of Sperm Testes → Vas deferens → Seminal vesicle → Ejaculatory duct → Urethra → Urinary meatus

  32. Review Question • The structure that stores sperm is the: A. vas deferens B. seminal vesicle C. seminiferous tubules D. epididymis

  33. Parenchymal Tissue • Gonad • Testis • Seminiferous tubules • Testosterone • Gamete • Spermatozoon • Spermatogenesis • Semen Word Parts testis = test/o, testicul/o, orchid/o, orchi/o sperm = spermat/o semen = semin/i

  34. Stromal Tissue • Scrotum • Epididymis • Vas deferens • Spermatic cord Word Parts scrotum = scrot/o epididymis = epididym/o vas deferens = vas/o, duct/o

  35. Stromal Tissue • Seminal vesicles • Prostate gland • Bulbourethral glands • Ejaculatory duct • Penis • Glans penis • Prepuce Word Parts seminal vesicles = vesicul/o prostate gland = prostat/o penis = pen/i, phall/o glans penis = balan/o prepuce = preputi/o

  36. Congenital Disorders (Q00-Q99) • Anorchism • Cryptorchidism • Epispadias • Hypospadias • Congenital chordee Word Parts an- = no, not, without orch/o = testis -ism = condition crypt- = hidden epi- = above -spadias = a rent or tear hypo- = below Cryptorchidism

  37. Diseases of Male Genital Organs (N40-N51) • Azoospermia • Oligospermia • Spermatocele of epididymis • Epididymitis Word Parts a- = no, not, without zo/o = animal sperm/o = sperm olig/o = scanty, few -cele = herniation epididym/o = epididymis

  38. Diseases of Male Genital Organs (N40-N51) • Balanitis • Balanoposthitis • Phimosis Word Parts balan/o = glans penis -itis = inflammation posth/o = foreskin Balanitis Phimosis

  39. Diseases of Male Genital Organs (N40-N51) • Erectile dysfunction (ED) • Induration penis plastica • Priapism • Orchitis • Testicular torsion • Hydrocele Word Parts indur/o = to make hard -ation = process of orch/o = testis -itis = inflammation hydr/o = water, fluid -cele = hernation, protrusion Priapism

  40. Diseases of Male Genital Organs (N40-N51) • Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) • Prostatitis • Vesiculitis Word Parts prostat/o = prostate hyper- = excessive -plasia = formation vesicul/o = seminal vesicle -itis = inflammation

  41. Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) • Gonorrhea • Syphilis • Herpes genitalis (HSV-2) • Human papillomavirus (HPV) • Nongonoccal urethritis (NGU) Syphilis

  42. Benign Neoplasms (D29) • Leydig and Sertoli cell tumors • Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

  43. Malignant Neoplasms (C60-C63) • Germ cell tumors (GCT) • Seminoma • Nonseminoma • Adenocarcinoma of the prostate • Malignant teratoma • Dermoid cyst Seminoma Adenocarcinoma

  44. Procedures • Epididymovesiculography • Vasography Word Parts epididym/o = epididymis vesicul/o = seminal vesicle -graphy = recording vas/o = vessel, vas deferens Epididymovesiculogram

  45. Procedures • Orchidectomy • Orchiopexy • Vasoligation • Vasovasostomy • Vasectomy • Vesiculectomy • Epididymotomy Word Parts orchid/o = testis -ectomy = cutting out vas/o = vas deferens, vessel -ligation = tying -stomy = making a new opening vesicul/o = seminal vesicle epididym/o = epididymis -tomy = cutting Vasectomy

  46. Procedures • Circumcision • Phalloplasty Be Careful! Don’t confuse phall/o, which means penis, and phalang/o, which is a bone in the finger or toe. Word Parts circum- = around -cision = cutting phall/o = penis -plasty = surgically forming

  47. Procedures • Prostatectomy • TUIP • TURP Word Parts prostat/o = prostate gland -ectomy = cutting out TURP

  48. Pharmacology • Alpha-adrenergic inhibitors • Alternative medicine • Androgen hormone inhibitors • Antibiotics • Anti-impotence agents • Antivirals

  49. Part III: Female Reproductive System 49

  50. Functions • Provide genetic material for reproduction • Nurture fertilized ovum to delivery

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