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Essential WAN Terms for Service Providers

Understand key Wide Area Network (WAN) terms used by service providers such as Customer Premises Equipment (CPE), Local Loop, HDLC Protocol, WAN Connection Types, and more to enhance your networking knowledge. Learn about Demarcation Points, Data Terminal Equipment (DTE), and the various WAN switching methods like circuit switching and packet switching. Explore the High-Level Data-Link Control (HDLC) Protocol and the Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) in WAN environments.

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Essential WAN Terms for Service Providers

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  1. Wide Area Networks (WAN) Terms that are commonly used by service providers: • Customer premises equipment (CPE) • Equipment that’s owned by the subscriber and located on the subscriber’s premises. • Demarcation point • The spot where the service provider’s responsibility ends and the CPE begins • Generally a device in a telecommunications closet owned and installed by the telecommunications company (telco) • The customer is responsible to cable (extended demarc) from this box to the CPE

  2. Wide Area Networks (WAN) • Local loop • It connects the demarc to the closest switching office, called a central office. • Central office (CO) • This point connects the customers to the provider’s switching network • Central office (CO) is sometimes referred to as a point of presence (POP) • Toll network • It is a trunk line inside a WAN provider’s network • This network is a collection of switches and facilities owned by the ISP

  3. Data Terminal Equipment andData Communication Equipment • Router interfaces are, by default, data terminal equipment (DTE) , and they connect into data communication equipment (DCE) —for example, a channel service unit/data service unit (CSU/DSU) • The CSU/DSU then plugs into a demarcation location (demarc) and is the service provider’s last responsibility • Most of the time, the demarc is a jack that has an RJ-45 (8-pin modular) connector located in a telecommunications closet • The idea behind a WAN is to be able to connect two DTE networks together through a DCE network

  4. Data Terminal Equipment andData Communication Equipment

  5. Data Terminal Equipment andData Communication Equipment • The DCE network includes the CSU/DSU, through the provider’s wiring and switches, all the way to the CSU/DSU at the other end • The network’s DCE device (CSU/DSU) provides clocking to the DTE-connected interface (the router’s serial interface) • As mentioned, the DCE network provides clocking to the router • In a non-production network that do not have a CSU/DSU, there is a need to provide clocking on the DCE end of the cable

  6. WAN Connection Types • A WAN can use a number of different connection types • Figure shows different WAN connection types that can be used to connect your LANs together (DTE) over a DCE network

  7. WAN Connection Types • Leased lines • Typically, these are referred to as a point-to-point connection or dedicated connection • A leased line is a pre-established WAN communications path from the CPE, through the DCE switch, to the CPE of the remote site, allowing DTE networks to communicate at any time with no setup procedures before transmitting data • When cost is no object, it’s really the best choice. It uses synchronous serial lines up to 45Mbps • HDLC and PPP encapsulations are frequently used on leased lines

  8. WAN Connection Types • Circuit switching • The big advantage is cost—you only pay for the time you actually use • No data can transfer before an end-to-end connection is established • Circuit switching uses dial-up modems or ISDN, and is used for low-bandwidth data transfers

  9. WAN Connection Types • Packet switching • This is a WAN switching method that allows you to share bandwidth with other companies to save money • Packet switching can be thought of as a network that’s designed to look like a leased line, yet charges you (and costs) more like circuit switching • There is a downside: If you need to transfer data constantly, its not convenient • Packet switching will only work well if your data transfers are bursty in nature • Frame Relay and X.25 are packet-switching technologies. Speeds can range from 56Kbps to T3 (45Mbps)

  10. High-Level Data-Link Control(HDLC) Protocol • The High-Level Data-Link Control (HDLC) protocol is a popular ISO-standard, bit-oriented Data Link layer protocol • It specifies an encapsulation method for data on synchronous serial data links using frame characters and checksums • HDLC is a point-to-point protocol used on leased lines • No authentication can be used with HDLC • Bit-oriented protocols include SDLC, LLC, HDLC, TCP, IP, and others • In byte-oriented protocols, control information is encoded using entire bytes • On the other hand, bit-oriented protocols may use single bits to represent control information

  11. High-Level Data-Link Control(HDLC) Protocol • Every vendor has a proprietary HDLC encapsulation method • This is because each vendor has a different way for the HDLC protocol to encapsulate multiple Network layer protocols • If the vendors didn’t have a way for HDLC to communicate the different layer 3 protocols, then HDLC would only be able to carry one protocol • This proprietary header is placed in the data field of the HDLC encapsulation

  12. High-Level Data-Link Control(HDLC) Protocol

  13. Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) • Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) is a Data Link layer protocol that can be used over either asynchronous serial (dial-up) or synchronous serial (ISDN) media • It uses the LCP (Link Control Protocol) to build and maintain data-link connections • Network Control Protocol (NCP) is used to allow multiple Network layer protocols (routed protocols) to be used on a point-to-point connection

  14. Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) • When would you choose to use PPP? • The basic purpose of PPP is to transport layer 3 packets across a Data Link layer point-to-point link • It is non-proprietary • PPP can encapsulate several layer 3 routed protocols and provide authentication, dynamic addressing, and callback

  15. Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) • PPP contains four main components: • EIA/TIA-232-C, V.24, V.35, and ISDN A Physical layer international standard for serial communication • HDLC A method for encapsulating datagrams over serial links • LCP A method of establishing, configuring, maintaining, and terminating the point-topoint connection • NCP A method of establishing and configuring different Network layer protocols, designed to allow the simultaneous use of multiple Network layer protocols

  16. Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) • PPP protocol stack is specified at the Physical and Data Link layers only • NCP is used to allow communication of multiple Network layer protocols by encapsulating the protocols across a PPP data link

  17. Link Control Protocol (LCP) Configuration Options • Authentication This option tells the calling side of the link to send information that can identify the user • The two methods are PAP and CHAP • Compression This is used to increase the throughput of PPP connections by compressing the data or payload prior to transmission • PPP decompresses the data frame on the receiving end • Error detection PPP uses Quality options to ensure a reliable, loop-free data link

  18. Link Control Protocol (LCP) Configuration Options • PPP callback PPP can be configured to call back after successful authentication • With callback enabled, a calling router (client) will contact a remote router (server) and authenticate as described in the previous section • Both routers must be configured for the callback feature • Once authentication is completed, the remote router will terminate the connection and then re-initiate a connection to the calling router from the remote router

  19. PPP Session Establishment • When PPP connections are started, the links go through three phases of session establishment, as shown in Figure

  20. PPP Session Establishment • Link-establishment phase LCP packets are sent by each PPP device to configure and test the link • These packets contain a field called the Configuration Option that allows each device to see the size of the data, compression, and authentication • If no Configuration Option field is present, then the default configurations are used

  21. PPP Session Establishment • Authentication phase If required, either CHAP or PAP can be used to authenticate a link • Authentication takes place before Network layer protocol information is read • It is possible that link-quality determination may occur at this same time • Network layer protocol phase PPP uses the Network Control Protocol (NCP) to allow multiple Network layer protocols to be encapsulated and sent over a PPP data link • Each Network layer protocol (e.g., IP, IPX, AppleTalk, which are routed protocols) establishes a service with NCP

  22. PPP Authentication Methods There are two methods of authentication that can be used with PPP links: • Password Authentication Protocol (PAP) • Itis the less secure of the two methods • Passwords are sent in clear text, and PAP is only performed upon the initial link establishment • When the PPP link is first established, the remote node sends back to the originating router the username and password until authentication is acknowledged

  23. PPP Authentication Methods • Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP) • Used at the initial startup of a link and at periodic checkups on the link to make sure the router is still communicating with the same host • After PPP finishes its initial link-establishment phase, the local router sends a challenge request to the remote device • The remote device sends a value calculated using a one-way hash function called MD5 • The local router checks this hash value to make sure it matches • If the values don’t match, the link is immediately terminated

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