Cardiovascular System: Functions, Structures, and Circulation

1. Chapter 16 Cardiovascular & Respiratory Systems

2. Functions of the cardiovascular system • Composed of the heart & all blood vessels of the body • Function is to circulate blood, thereby maintaining an internal environment in which all the cells of your body are nourished

3. Functions of the cardiovascular system • The heart pumps blood • Blood carries oxygenated cells throughout your body to deliver oxygen • At the same time carbon dioxide along with waste is carried away from your body via blood cells

4. Functions of the cardiovascular system • Oxygen is delivered to your lungs and waste products are sent to the kidneys to be removed from the body

5. Structures of the cardiovascular system • The heart and the brain are perhaps the most important organs in your body • The heart is made of the myocardium which is what makes it pump • Your heart rate increases or decreases automatically based on your physical activity

6. Chambers of the heart • Your heart has 4 chambers • Right Atrium • Left Atrium • Right Ventricle • Left Ventricle • A wall of tissue separates the right & left atria called the septum along with the right & left ventricles

7. Chambers of the heart • The right atrium works as the natural pacemaker for the rest of the heart • Small electrical impulses force the atrium to contract therefore allowing blood to be pumped into the ventricles • Blood is then pumped out of the heart

8. Chambers of the heart • When blood is flowing it can only flow one way • Once blood is pumped the valves close not allowing blood to pump back • The sound that you hear when your heart is beating is the sound of the valves closing

9. Circulation of the heart • Blood that has been deoxygenated but has carbon dioxide & waste is pumped back to the heart by 2 large blood vessels called the vena cava • Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium & is transferred to the right ventricle

10. Circulation of the heart • Blood is then pumped to the lungs • Inside the lungs the blood drops the carbon dioxide and picks up oxygen • Newly oxygenated blood is then returned to the lungs to the left atrium of the heart

11. Circulation of the heart • The blood is then pumped from the left atrium into the left ventricle • Blood is then pumped out of the heart & into the rest of the body by way of the large artery called the aorta

12. Blood • Blood delivers oxygen, hormones, & nutrients to the cells & carries away waste that the cells produce • 55% of your blood consists of plasma the fluid in which other parts of the blood are suspended

13. Blood • Red blood cells make up about 40% of blood • White blood cells & platelets together make up the remaining 5% of blood • 1 milliliter of blood contains millions of each of these types of cells

14. Red blood cells & White blood cells • Red blood cells – transport oxygen to cells & parts of the body • Formed in bone marrow, they contain hemoglobin the oxygen-carrying protein in blood • Red blood cells also carry carbon dioxide away from cells back to the lungs

15. Red blood cells & White blood cells • White blood cells are made to protect our bodies against infection & fight off infection when it occurs • White blood cells are also produced in bone marrow • Production of white blood cells increases when an infection is present

16. Blood vessels • You have more then 60,000 miles of blood vessels that transport blood • There are 3 main types of blood vessels • Arteries • Veins • Capillaries

17. Arteries • They are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart • They have thick elastic walls and contain smooth muscle fibers • Pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the right ventricles to the lungs

18. Arteries • Systemic arteries, such as the aorta, carry oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to all areas of the body • As arteries move away from the heart, they branch into progressively smaller vessels called arterioles • Arterioles deliver blood to capillaries

19. Capillaries • Capillaries are small vessels that carry blood between arterioles and small vessels called venules • Capillaries form an extensive network throughout tissues and organs in the body, reaching almost every body cell

20. Veins • Veins are blood vessels that return blood to the heart • Vein walls are thinner and less elastic than those of arteries, veins are still able to withstand the pressure exerted by blood as it flows though them

21. Platelets • Platelets are cells that prevent the body’s loss of blood • Platelets produce small thread-like fibers called fibrins

22. Lymphatic System • This system also helps to fight infection & plays an important role to the bodies immunity to disease • Lymph is the clear fluid that fills the spaces around body cells • Lymphocytes are specialized white blood cells that provide the body with immunity & protect the body against antibodies

23. B Cells • B cells are lymphocytes that are stimulated to multiply when they are come in contact with a pathogen • Some B cells produce plasma cells, which produce antibodies that attack the pathogen, other produce memory cells

24. T Cells • T cells are lymphocytes that are stimulated to enlarge & multiply when they encounter a pathogen. • There are 2 main types • Killer cells which stop the spread of disease • Helper cells aid in the activation of B cells & killer T cells

25. Structure of the Lymphatic System • It consists of a network of vessels & tissues that are involved in the movement & filtering of lymph

26. Care & Problems of the Cardiovascular System Lesson 2

27. Health behaviors associated with good cardiovascular care • Follow a well balance diet that is low in saturated fats, cholesterol & salt • Maintain a healthy weight to reduce stress on the heart, blood vessels, and lymph vessels • Participate in regular aerobic exercise for at least 30 minutes 3-4 times a week

28. Health behaviors associated with good cardiovascular care • Avoid the use of tobacco products & exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke • Avoid illegal drugs, including stimulants, marijuana, & ecstasy

29. Blood Pressure • Blood pressure is the measure of the amount of force that the blood places on the walls of the blood vessels

30. Blood Pressure • As your heart contracts to push blood into your arteries, the maximum pressure, called systolic pressure is measured • As the ventricles relax to refill, blood pressure is at its lowest point, called the diastolic

31. Cardiovascular System Problems • Congenital heart disease – a condition that is present at birth • Cardiovascular disease is actually a group of the cardiovascular systems that include hypertension, heart disease, & stroke

32. Cardiovascular System Problems • Heart murmurs are abnormal sounds that are made as blood flows through the heart • Varicose veins form if valves in the veins do not close tightly enough to prevent backflow of blood

33. Cardiovascular System Problems • Anemia is a condition in which the ability of the blood to carry oxygen is reduced • The most common cause of anemia is iron deficiency

34. Cardiovascular System Problems • Leukemia is a form of cancer in which any one of the different types of white blood cells is produces excessively and abnormally • Hemophilia is an inherited disorder in which the blood does not clot properly

35. Lymphatic system problems • Immune deficiency occur when the immune system can no longer protect against infection • Hodgkin's disease is a type of cancer that affects the lymph tissue • Tonsillitis is an infection of the tonsils & can be common in children

36. The Respiratory System Lesson 3

37. Functions of the respiratory system • Respiration is the exchange of gases between the body and the environment

38. Structure of the Respiratory System • Lungs are the principle organs of the respiratory system & the site of the external respiration • The diaphragm is the muscle that separates the chest from the abdominal cavity • The structure of the lungs can be compared to the structure of a branching tree

39. The breathing process • The breathing process is made possible by creating a pressure of difference between the lungs and outside of the body • When your lungs expand the pressure inside of them becomes lower than the pressure outside your body

40. Other Respiratory Structures • Pharynx – or throat • Trachea - or windpipe • Bronchi – the airways that connect the trachea and the lungs

41. The larynx & epiglottis • Neither of these are directly associated with the respiratory system but have important functions • Larynx or voice box connects the throat to the trachea • The epiglottis is a flap of cartilage located above the larynx, it closes off the passageway to the larynx & trachea when you swallow

42. Care & Problems of the Respiratory System Lesson 4

43. Health Behaviors & the Respiratory System • Your nasal passageway contains mucus & cilia that help to prevent particles from entering your body • However, your respiratory system is still vulnerable • Asthma, Cancer can result from air pollution being let into your body

44. Respiratory System Problems • Bronchitis – is an inflammation of the bronchi causes by infection or exposure to irritants such as tobacco smoke or air pollution • Pneumonia an inflammation of the lungs commonly caused by a bacterial or viral infection

45. Respiratory System Problems • Pleurisy an inflammation of the lining of the lungs and chest cavity • Asthma an inflammatory condition in which the trachea, bronchi, & bronchioles become narrowed, causing difficulty in breathing

46. Respiratory System Problems • Sinusitis an inflammation of the tissues that line the sinuses • Tuberculosis is a contagious bacterial infection that usually affects the lungs • Emphysema is a disease that progressively destroys the walls of the alveoli