Collaborative processes over shared waters

1. Collaborative processes over shared waters LyliaKhennache ENVR-610 Source: Prix Pictet

2. Outline • Watershed institutions • Centralizing power in a decentralised institution • Power Balance or Cooperation? • Case study • Nile River • Preliminary conclusions

3. Research Question Do Collaborative Institutions support the adaptation to drivers (population rise, climate change) that are impacting the quality and quantity of the water in a basin?

4. Nile River Case Study

5. Hydropolitical relations

6. Sudan: Soil erosion • desertification, • pollution of water supplies, • wildlife hunting, • floods, • droughts, • sanitation, • deforestation Climate Change Issues Egypt: Water and air pollution, filling of wetlands, desertification, waterlogging and soil salinity, sanitation, river bank degradation Kenya:River and lake pollution (point and non-point source), deforestation, desertification, soil erosion, sedimentation, loss of wetlands, eutrophication and water weeds Ethiopia: Deforestation, Overgrazing, Soil erosion, desertification, sanitation, loss of biodiversity (including agrobiodiversity), Floods Droughts Burundi: River and lake pollution, deforestation, soil erosion, wildlife hunting Rwanda: Deforestation, soil erosion, degradation of river banks and lakeshores, desertification, wildlife hunting, overgrazing Tanzania: Deforestation, soil degradation, desertification, river and lake pollution, poaching and shortage of potable water Uganda: Draining of wetlands, deforestation, soil erosion, encroachment into marginal lakeshore and riverine ecosystems, point and non point-source pollution Source: Transboundary Environmental Analysis

7. Population Rise

8. Agriculture-based economies= water based economies

9. Result Water Demand Water Supply Cooperation? = +

10. Complexity Complexity Institutional Inertia

11. Preliminary Conclusions • The  riparians  seriously  compromise  and  are  committed  to  the  cooperation  process,  working together under the auspices of a river basin commission to  promote basin‐wide management of its  shared  water  resources  and  regional  development.  This  would  be  achieved  through multilateral  projects  to  be  supported  by  multilateral  and  bilateral  donor  institutions  already engaged in  the NBI.  • The riparians opt for cooperation, but the NBI assumes a different role from its  current, actual role and moves towards a position of support for unilateral  projects within a common basin‐wide development approach rather than  through parallel multilateral projects and, in this case, countries could benefit  from diversified sources of funding.  • The  riparians  decide  to  withdraw  from  the  multilateral  cooperation  and  opt for  unilateral development of the Nile’s water resources, most likely benefiting  from alternative sources of investment including from China.  Nile Basin Initiative Continuity?

12. Preliminary Conclusions • Many technical answers: IWRM, Adaptive Management, Transitional Management,… • What about the political response?