420 likes | 838 Views
Chapter 24 Forensic Psychiatry. Zhang Jin-xiang Jining Medical University. CONTENT. Definition Forensic psychiatric expertise Psychiatrists and the courts Criminal responsibility Civil capability Other areas of forensic psychiatry. Definition.
E N D
Chapter 24Forensic Psychiatry Zhang Jin-xiang Jining Medical University
CONTENT • Definition • Forensic psychiatric expertise • Psychiatrists and the courts • Criminal responsibility • Civil capability • Other areas of forensic psychiatry
Definition • Forensic psychiatry is the branch of medicine that deals with disorders of the mind and their relation to legal principles.
Psychiatrists and the courts • Witness of Fact : As a witness of fact or an ordinary witness, a psychiatrist's role is the same as that of any witness. • Expert Witness : On the other hand, a psychiatrist may qualify as an expert witness under certain circumstances.
Hospitalization • Such action usually is taken when psychiatric patients present a danger to themselves or others in their environment to the degree that their urgent need for treatment in a closed institution is evident.
Four procedures of admission • Informal Admission. • Voluntary Admission. • Temporary Admission. • Involuntary Admission.
Right to treatment • Among the rights of patients, the right to the standard quality of care is fundamental. • This right has been litigated in much-publicized cases in recent years under the slogan of "right to treatment."
Civil rights of patients • Least Restrictive Alternative • Visitation Rights • Communication Rights • Private Rights • Economic Rights
Seclusion and restraint • Seclusion refers to placing and keeping an inpatient in a bare room for the purpose of containing a clinical situation that may result in a state of emergency. • Restraint involves measures designed to confine a patient's bodily movements, such as the use of leather cuffs and anklets or straitjackets. • Seclusion and restraint are issues that raise questions of safety.
Informed consent • The introduction of consent forms followed revelations of harm done to patients during clinical experimentation. • Consent forms are written documents outlining a patient's informed consent to a proposed procedure.
Child custody • The action of a court in a child-custody dispute is now predicated on the child's best interests. • Care and protection proceedings are the court's interventions in the welfare of a child when the parents are unable to care for the child.
Testamentary and contractual capacity and competence • Patients must know the nature and the extent of their bounty (property), the fact that they are making a bequest, and the identities of their natural beneficiaries (spouse, children, and other relatives). • Whether competence is related to wills, contracts, or the making or breaking of marriages, the fundamental concern is a person's state of awareness and capacity to comprehend the significance of the particular commitment made.
Criminal law • Competence to Stand Trial • Competence to Be Executed • Criminal Responsibility
Competence to Stand Trial • 1. Ability to appraise the legal defenses available • 2. Level of unmanageable behavior • 3. Quality of relating to the attorney • 4. Ability to plan legal strategy • 5. Ability to appraise the roles of various participants in the courtroom proceedings • 6. Understanding of court procedure • 7. Appreciation of the charges
Competence to Stand Trial • 8. Appreciation of the range and the nature of the possible penalties • 9. Ability to appraise the likely outcome • 10. Capacity to disclose to the attorney available pertinent facts surrounding the offense • 11. Capacity to challenge prosecution witnesses realistically • 12. Capacity to testify relevantly • 13. Manifestation of self-serving versus self-defeating motivation
Competence to Be Executed • First, a person's awareness of what is happening is supposed to heighten the retributive element of the punishment. Punishment is meaningless unless the person is aware of it and knows the punishment's purpose. • Second, a competent person who is about to be executed is believed to be in the best position to make whatever peace is appropriate with religious beliefs, including confession and absolution. • Third, a competent person who is about to be executed preserves, until the end, the possibility (admittedly slight) of recalling a forgotten detail of the events or the crime that may prove exonerating.
Criminal Responsibility • According to criminal law, committing an act that is socially harmful is not the sole criterion of whether a crime has been committed. • Instead, the objectionable act must have two components: voluntary conduct (actus reus) and evil intent (mens rea).
我国责任能力的评定依据 • 我国《刑法》(1997年)第18条规定:精神病人在不能辨认或者不能控制自己行为的时候造成危害结果,经法定程序鉴定确认的,不负刑事责任。尚未完全丧失辨认或者控制自己行为能力的精神病人犯罪的,应当负刑事责任,但是可以从轻或者减轻处罚。间隙性的精神病人在精神正常的时候犯罪,应负刑事责任。醉酒的人犯罪应当负刑事责任。
辨认能力的概念 • 辨认能力是指行为人对自己的行为在刑法上的意义、性质、作用、后果的分辨认识能力。
控制能力的概念 • 控制能力是指行为人具备选择自己实施或不实施为刑法所禁止、所制裁的行为的能力,即具备决定自己是否以行为触犯刑法的能力,主要受到意志和情感活动的影响。
辨认能力和控制能力的关系 • 丧失辨认能力的人,也就没有刑法意义上的控制能力。只要确定某人丧失辨认能力,他也就不具备控制能力; • 只有在辨认能力存在的前提下,才需要确认其控制能力状况。
刑事责任能力的评定依据 • 医学标准:是否是精神病人 • 法学标准:是否有辨认或控制自己行为的能力
无责任能力 • 医学标准是“精神病人”, • 法学标准是“不能辨认或者不能控制自己的行为”,即完全丧失了辨认或控制力。
限制责任能力 • 限制责任能力又称部分责任能力,介于无责任能力和完全责任能力之间。 • 医学标准是“精神病人”, • 法学标准是“未完全丧失辨认或者控制力”。
有(完全)责任能力 • 医学标准:“间隙性的精神病人和醉酒的人”, • 法学标准:“精神正常”,即具有完整的辨认力或控制力。
Other areas of forensic psychiatry • Emotional Damage and Distress • Workmen's Compensation • 诉讼能力(capacity to action) • 受审能力(competence to stand trial) • 作证能力(competency) • 性自我防卫能力(ability to defend oneself against sexual abuse) • 精神损伤(mental damage) • 劳动能力(labour capacity)
劳动能力的评定 • 劳动能力(labour capacity)是指劳动者能够以自己的行为依法行使劳动权利和履行劳动义务的能力,即劳动法律理论上所称的劳动行为能力。
诉讼能力 • 诉讼能力,亦称诉讼行为能力,指当事人是否具有参与诉讼活动的能力,即能否理解自己在诉讼过程中的地位、权利和诉讼过程的意义,能否行使自己诉讼权利的能力。 • 医学要件,即是否患有精神障碍,严重程度如何。 • 法学要件,注重于对诉讼的性质、意义和过程的理解,能否与其辩护人合作,履行法律赋予的申诉权利。
受审能力 • 受审能力是指刑事案件的犯罪嫌疑人、被告人能否理解自己在刑事诉讼活动中的地位、权利,能否理解诉讼过程的含义,能否行使自己的诉讼权利的能力。
受审能力评定 • 医学要件:是否患有某种精神障碍,其严重程度如何,其精神状态在鉴定当时的合作性、真实性如何。 • 法学要件:能否理解对其起诉的目的和性质;能否理解自己的情况与这场诉讼的关系;有无与律师合作、商量,帮助辩护人为他辩护的能力;对其他诉讼参与人的提问能否做出应有回答;以及对可能的审判结果和惩罚的理解能力等。
作证能力 • 作证能力(competency)是指任何公民自己看到或听到的真实情况,并能提供对案件有关系的证言的能力。 • 《刑事诉讼法》第48条第二款规定:“生理上、精神上有缺陷或者年幼,不能辨别是非,不能正确表达的人,不能作证人”。《民事诉讼法》第70条第二款规定:“不能正确表达意见的人,不能作证”。
性自我防卫能力 • 性自我防卫能力是指被害人对两性行为的社会意义、性质及其后果的理解能力。
性自我防卫能力评定 • 医学标准、即性受害时的精神状态 • 法律标准,即对性行为的实质性理解能力,和/或对性本能冲动的自我控制能力。
法律依据 • 为了保护精神障碍妇女的人身权利不受侵害,最高人民法院、最高人民检察院、公安部于1984年4月28日联合发《关于当前办理强奸案中具体应用法律的若干问题的解答》(以下简称“解答”)的通知指出:“明知妇女是精神病患者或痴呆(程序严重)而与之发生性行为的,不管犯罪分子采取什么手段,都应以强奸罪论处。与间歇性精神病患者在未发病期间发生性行为,妇女本人同意的,不构成强奸罪”。
精神损伤 • 精神损伤是指个体遭受外来物理、化学、生物或心理等因素作用后,大脑功能活动发生紊乱,出现认知、情感、意志和行为等方面的精神功能紊乱和缺失。 • 这个定义指出:精神损伤的因素不仅包括了器质性躯体因素,还包括了非器质性心理因素;精神损伤的表现形式也不单单指器质性的脑功能损伤,还包括心理功能的紊乱,但精神损伤一定有精神障碍的临床症状表现。
精神损伤与精神伤害、精神损害和精神损失的区别精神损伤与精神伤害、精神损害和精神损失的区别 • 精神伤害是指对个体施加精神压力或精神刺激的过程,一般不涉及到精神刺激的后果。 • 精神损害或精神损失这两个名词,由于历史的原因,通常是指个体的名誉、利益、健康、事业等受到了损害或损失,并不一定出现精神障碍,如人们习惯说“损害了我的名誉”、“使我的事业(或生意)蒙受损失”等。 • 精神损伤则不仅指精神伤害的过程,还包括伤害后的结果;精神损伤也不仅仅是精神上的损失,而是导致了临床显而易见的精神障碍。
“精神伤残”或“精神残疾”与精神损伤的区别“精神伤残”或“精神残疾”与精神损伤的区别 • 精神残疾是指精神疾病导致了个体生活和社会功能明显缺陷,它与躯体残疾呈并列关系。 • 精神损伤是各种因素引起的大脑功能紊乱,而表现出的各种精神障碍,这些精神障碍可以是可逆性的,即可以恢复到正常水平;也可以是不可逆性的,不能恢复到正常水平。精神损伤患者的症状起初可能比较重,但随着病情的好转,症状逐渐减少乃至消失。
劳动能力的评定 • 劳动能力(labour capacity)是指劳动者能够以自己的行为依法行使劳动权利和履行劳动义务的能力,即劳动法律理论上所称的劳动行为能力。