Кузнецов Ю.А.

1. Кластерный механизм развития методов и средств воздействия на запас на примере тралового лова минтая Кузнецов Ю.А.

2. Bases forproblem statement 1. The Code of responsible fisheries management of FAO and its tasks of prime importance: а) exclusion of excessive extracting facilities; b) creation of economic conditions for maintaining of the principles of sustainable fishing; c) preservation of biological diversity of the exploited ecosystems etc. • 2. Appeal of WB and FAO of the UN to the governments of the fisheries countries to proceed with the reforming of the fisheries management system with emphasis on improvement of the economical health of fishery as a leit-motif to liquidation of IUU-fishing. • 3. A concept of the maximum equilibrium catch in regulation of the “Stock-Fishing” (SF) system becomes ineffective. High level of entropy, stochastic version of the fishing process control models, uncertainties of made decisions on the size of allowable catch (SAC) and decisions of the action on the “Stock-Fishing” system is an essence of one mistake in the theory of fishing: aspiration to simplify ideas of fishing as process, to abstractive judgements having nothing to do with fishing dynamics. • 4. Bioeconomics which is intended for incorporation into the system paradigm of ecology and economy will become one more scientific attribute of regress in the historiography of the fishing theory. In the effect that it became the driving force of development, the specific approaches of the applied use of the general systems theory in fishing are necessary. The existing metalanguage of the fuzzy sets of the “Fishing effort” (FE), “Catching efficiency factor”, “Ratio of catch to Fishing effort” type etc. should be replaced by understandable for all subjects of fishing language of empirical description of complex biotechnical processes of fishing by objective quantities of direct hydro-bionic measurements. For this, the cluster mechanism of uniting of creative and production efforts is necessary. • 3 available at: www.worldbank.org/fish The Sunken Billions. The economic justification for fisheries reform Rising to Depletion. The state of national marine fisheries The Hidden Harvests. The global contribution of capture fisheries Political Economy of Natural Resource Use (fisheries) Changing the Face of the Waters. The promise and challenge of sustainable aquaculture PROFISH briefs

3. Formulation of a problem • A choice of permissible withdrawal share, restrictions and prohibitions under the influence of uncertainty robs the responsible decisions in fishery of scientifically grounding arguments. Presentation of fishery as a diffusion process and accepted treatment of the target biological parameters through their fishing analogs are suitable for simplification of algorithm of their relation and processing of large array of the fishing-biological information. It is known that simplifications contribute to the stability in control of technical complexes but, in the “Living systems” with high level of arranged complexity, the cybernetic approach to the open and complex systems is more reliable. • Numerous assumptions and abstraction of processes in the course of description of the SF system condition and decision-making can be reduced if the instrumental express methods of the modern hydrobionics are applied in the study of interaction of fishes with fishing gears. A simplification of the regulation parameter (RP) to complete emasculation of the fishing process (in cases of trawl fishing, it is determined by amount of strained water) excludes an evaluation of major factors of forming catch and by-catch. To the behavioral features of the particular fishing object and technological process of fishing, this argument is unrelated. As alternative to the non-constructive glossary, it is proposed to apply the term “Fishing availability” , determined and applicable in practice of regulating the relations of stock-fishing under conditions of cluster uniting.

4. Concept “Fishing availability” • In terms of supporting the principles of biodiversity and stability by which FAO recommend to be guided, FA is a quantity of possible withdrawal of the particular fishing object with its individual biological peculiarities affecting the selective character of behavior within critical zones of the fishery system under the influence of the physical disturbances from vessels, fishing gears and means of fishery intensification sequacious to the space-time simulation, i.e. a quantity determined by technologies of the controlled fishing, identifiable parametrically under conditions of the range by way of its passportization by biological, hydro physical and technical parameters with respect to the particular object, area, time and fishing technologies executing the regulatory functions of impact on fishing by choice of a part of each local accumulation, by signs of species and age selectivity and intensity as well as with regard for spatial and temporal drift of the medium condition and physiological state of the fishing object. • Solution of the problems of catches biodiversity, compliance of fishery facilities with the stock structure and abundance using technological criteria with evaluation of loss of resource rent and economical expenditures under the particular conditions of fishing rather than by abstract models of macroeconomy – all of this will improve the efficiency of made decisions if FA will be a model of the fishery management process.

5. Cybernetic scheme of technologies of the fishery control and management

6. Functional of estimation and decision making • As the major functional of the cybernetic model of direct communication and feedback in the control and management system, a mechanism of interaction of fishing objects (1) until it became a catch, with environment (2), fishing vessel (3), hydro physical disturbances and signals from vessel, fishing gear and means of fishing intensification (4), trawl envelope (5), mechanization (6) and with actions of crew on choice of standard products and discharges (7) was accepted. In the working models, all of these functions 1-2-3-4-5-6-7 are abstracted to the value of ”Ratio of catch to the fishing effort”. Their functional essence is excluded in case of macrocosmic description of the fishery although just disclosure of these functions under local conditions gives great advantages for a person making decision (9) and responsible for the stability of the fishery control system(10). • An imperfection of methods of fishing accounting methods results in the systematic underestimation of volumes of actual withdrawal of young fish and other sub-standard catching.I.e. rate of exploitation exceeds essentially the biologically safe level.The Illegal, Unregistered and Unregulated fishing and discharges are a menacing danger for all the world fishing. All of these losses of the present-day fishing should receive the objective economic evaluation. • The responsibility for the confidence of accounting systems and for stability of made decisions is taken by: 1) zone of forming the density and structure of aggregates under keel of trawler; 2) zone of trawl capture; 3) trawl envelope. Unfortunately, this important block of problems of fishing control stability provision has no public funding. However, in the framework of agreement of scientific-engineering cooperation between TINRO-Centre-KamchatNIRO-Dalrybvtuz, a certain reserve was already received: а) solution of simulation experiment problems concerning the evaluation of conditions of forming the density and structure of aggregations of Alaska pollack under keel of vessel and within trawl capture zone was proposed; b) operations on set-up of model studies of the interaction mechanism between Alaska pollack and trawl envelope and evaluation of holding capacity and posttraumatic fish kill in the course of their passage through SPwere started.

7. Program for calculation of position of fishes relative to the vessel was developed. For РТМС “Prostor” with its acoustic characteristics approaching the combined aggregation of Alaska pollack (dimensions 20-21, 30-31, 40-41 cm), its compacting and deepening are observed.

8. Combined aggregation of Alaska Pollack is horizontally redistributed in such manner that large Alaska Pollack can turn to be beyond the trawl boards

9. In the cross-section, a distribution of Alaska Pollack is also characterized by maximal activity of egress of large-sized fishes from capture zone.

10. In the cluster mechanism of decision-making,a procedure of observations and measurements is preceded by explanations and statements. When investigating an interaction of the fishing object with fishery system the observations of fish behavior in the most cases are limited by fragmentary description. The results of observations and measurements should provide a basis for description of process and decision making where the an ambiguity of the event should be excluded. Methods and measuring means of hydrobionic are most efficient when estimating properties of sensory receptors and mechanisms of interaction of fishes with external physical disturbances. The sequence of measuring operations places under control the purposes of maintaining the stability of process of interaction of fishes with fishery equipment. At that, a description of situation or event characteristics and information base for selection of leverages are acquired. It is reasonable to perform the instrumental modeling of interaction of fishes with particular fisheries system using the computation complex under conditions of the test range from the perspective of the costs saving. It is real for the calibrated (certified) by biophysical and technical parameters fishing objects as well as scientific and commercial plants. The estimates of the technical characteristics for the commercial fishery system under different operating conditions are determined by means of calculations or with the use of control tools. The hydro physical fields of the fishery systems are controlled with the use of standard methods and means of hydro physical measurements within the tolerance parameters of the fishing object under study at the test range or in the fishery area with the mobile measuring equipment. Observations and measurements

11. TOWED REMOTELY OPERATED PNEUMOACOUSTIC SYSTEM • The towed remotely-operated pneumoacoustic system (thereafter “System”) was developed for trawl fishing of pelagic and ground fishes. • The system is designed for guidance and concentration in the area of trawl fishing of aggregations of fish being above the headline of trawl beyond a zone of action of trawl boards or in the vessel noise field. • The system creates in space between the vessel and trawl an acoustic field simulating presence of predatory whales resulting in guiding of fishes to area of trawl capture. • TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS • Operating regime remotely-operated • Energy sourcecompressed air • Receiver capacity 16 l • Air pressure in receiver, max20 VGf • Operating regime of ПИ impulse • Radiation duration ПИ 2 s. • Length of pause5 s. • Excessive air pressure, max. 2 MPa • Noise pressure, not less than 200 Pa/1 м • Controlled depth of immersion of units, м up to 120 • Угол отклонения, град till 30 • Габаритные размеры устройств -length, mm 210 • -width, mm 600 • -height, mm 1200 • 13. Masswithout wireline), kg 70 х 2 • An application of the system in trawk fishing allows to essentially expand the trawl capture zone and increse its catch efficiency practically with no increase in consumption of power, fuel and netting material.

12. VESSEL NOISE REDUCTION SYSTEM The vessel noise reduction system allows to neutralize acoustically the “striking" underwater sections of the vessel and reduce levels of noise emitted in the range of fish hearing 3-5 times. In addition, a “smoothing” (cutting of discrete components) of vessel’s noise and approach of their characteristics with natural sources (noise of rain, splash of small fishes at the surface etc.). For realization of the method under conditions of fishing, an equipping of the vessel with noise reduction system after carrying out of acoustic certification of the vessel is necessary. The system is effective in case of purse seining and trawl fishing of pelagic and near-surface fishes as well as will provide disorientation of killer whales eating round the catches when hauling in nets.

13. Conclusions and proposals • 1. The possibility exists to simulate the process of forming density and structure of fish concentration under keel of trawler and within trawl capture zone, to determine a convergence of the behavior model under real conditions of using the fishing complexes (FC). • 2. The program-methodology (PM) for estimation of interaction mechanism of fishes with trawl envelope and model of microeconomy of stable regulation of local processes of fishery are developed. • 3. Set-up of experiment on a scale of one of the industrial districts is proposed for study of economic and resource losses within the critical zones of used FC and advantages of new levers of biotechnical effect on the fishing processes. • 4. Debugged bionomic model of evaluating the “Stock-Fishing” system condition will be the effective tool of development and realization of economic programs of fishery development.

14. Thank you for your attention!