1 / 41

Metabolism Explained: An Interactive Guide

Explore the intricacies of cellular metabolism through an interactive guide covering anabolism, catabolism, enzyme action, metabolic pathways, coenzymes, and factors affecting enzyme activity. Learn about ATP and its energy cycle, cellular respiration stages including glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and Electron Transport Chain.

victoralice
Download Presentation

Metabolism Explained: An Interactive Guide

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Ch. 4 and 18 Cellular Metabolism and Nutrition

  2. Metabolism • Metabolism - Sum total of chemical reactions within a cell. • All of the chemical reactions within your body.

  3. 2 Types of Metabolic Reactions • Anabolism - (anabolic metabolism) - Metabolic process by which larger molecules are synthesized/made from smaller ones. • Dehydrationsynthesis • Something is being removed……. • Something is being made… water

  4. Joining monosaccharides (glucose) to form polysaccharides (glycogen). • Joining glycerol and fatty acids to form fat molecules. • Joining amino acids to form proteins. Monomers = smaller molecules Polymers = larger molecules

  5. 2 Types of Metabolic Reactions Continued • Catabolism - (catabolic metabolism) - Metabolic process that breaks down large molecules into smaller ones. • Hydrolysis Something is being broken down Water is added

  6. Breaking down complex carbohydrates into monosaccharides. • Breaking down fats into glycerol and fatty acids. • Breaking down proteins into amino acids. Monomers – Smaller molecules/building blocks Polymers – Bigger molecules

  7. Metabolism Animation • Dehydration and Hydrolysis: • Remember dehydration forms or releaseswater to build molecules and Hydrolysissplits or uses water to break molecules down. https://sites.google.com/site/biologymolecules/dehydration-sythesis-vs-hydrolysis http://apchute.com/dehydrat/dehydrat.html http://resource.rockyview.ab.ca/t4t/bio20/mm/m7/hydrolysis/Bio20_Hydrolysis_Final.swf http://www.goldiesroom.org/Shockwave_Pages/Make%20and%20Brake%20Em.htm

  8. Enzyme Action • Enzymes are special proteins that catalyze chemical reactions in the body. • They are highly specific.Work only on specific substrates • The substances that they work on are called substrates. • Substrates bind at the enzymes active site.

  9. The enzyme and the substrate fit together like 2 puzzle pieces or like a lock and a key – often referred to as the ‘lock and key complex’.

  10. Enzyme catalysis • Substrate + enzyme  Enzyme substrate complex  Product (changed substrate)  Enzyme (unchanged)

  11. Enzyme Catalysis • Speed of the enzyme action depends on the concentration of the enzyme and substrate. • As enzyme concentration increases, enzyme activity will increase to a point. • As substrate concentration increases, enzyme activity will increase to a point.

  12. Metabolic Pathways • Sequences of enzyme-controlled reactions that lead to the synthesis (making) or breakdown of particular biochemicals.

  13. Coenzymes • Coenzymes are non-protein substances (such as vitamins) that either aid in enzyme activity, or are required for the enzyme to function properly.

  14. Factors that Affect Enzyme Activity • Excessive temperatures (too hot or too cold) • Radiation • Electricity • Certain Chemicals • Extreme pH values

  15. Factors that Affect Enzyme Activity Continued • If the enzyme becomes denatured, it will no longer work. • Ex. Frying an egg • The active site is no longer functional. http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/labbench/lab2/images/phact.gif

  16. At high temperatures the enzyme changes shape (denatures) and cannot function anymore. https://lpscience.fatcow.com/jwanamaker/animations/Enzyme%20activity.html

  17. Energy for Metabolic Reactions • Energy - the capacity for doing work. • ATP - energy rich molecule in cells that powers cellular activities.

  18. ATP • ATP consists of 3 parts • a sugar (ribose) • a base (adenine) • 3 phosphate groups Energy is stored in the bonds that hold the phosphates together.

  19. Adenosine Phosphate Phosphate Phosphate Adenosine Phosphate Phosphate • Energy is stored in the ATP molecule • ATP: adenosine triphosphate High-energy bond: Stores much energy *This energy is released when the bond is broken* Energy

  20. ATP To release the stored energy, the last phosphate is removed and ADP (adenosine diphosphate) + a phosphate group is formed.

  21. ATP P + Energy released Phosphate Energy stored ADP Energy ‘cycle’

  22. ATP • Energy from cellular respiration is used to synthesize more ATP by adding the phosphate group back to ADP - • This is known as phosphorylation.

  23. Cellular Respiration • The process that releases energy from molecules of glucose and makes it available for cellular use. (In the form of ATP). • Includes 2 pathways • Aerobic - requires oxygen. • Anaerobic - no oxygen required.

  24. 3 Stages of Cellular Respiration • Glycolysis - happens in the cytoplasm. (1st stage for aerobic and anaerobic reactions.) • Citric Acid Cycle (Kreb’s Cycle) - happens in mitochondria. (aerobic only) • Electron Transport chain - happens in the mitochondria. (aerobic only)

  25. Cellular Respiration… 3 main stages 1 Glycolysis – in the cytoplasm Krebs Cycle In the mitochondriol matrix 2. 3. ETC On the inner membrane

  26. 3 Stages of Cellular Respiration • Glycolysis- happens in the cytoplasm. (1st stage for aerobic and anaerobic reactions.)

  27. 3 Stages of Cellular Respiration • Citric Acid Cycle (Kreb’s Cycle)- happens in mitochondria. (aerobic only) Will go through 2x

  28. 3 Stages of Cellular Respiration • Electron Transport chain- happens in the mitochondria. (aerobic only)

  29. Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Respiration

  30. http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/cellularrespiration.htmlhttp://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/cellularrespiration.html

  31. (Aerobic) ATP Glucose Carbon dioxide Oxygen Water

  32. Read through this section and complete the writing prompt for today Nutritional Requirements Carbohydrates • Energy stored in their chemical bonds used to power cellular processes. • Sources include: • Polysaccharides - grains, vegetables, meat. • Disaccharides - milk sugar, cane sugar, molasses. • Monosaccharides - fruit and honey. • Requirements - at least 125-175 grams daily. • Will differ based upon activity level.

  33. Nutritional Requirements Lipids • Supply energy and help build cellular structures. • Sources include: • Triglycerides: plant and animal based foods. • Saturated fats - mainly animal origin - meat, eggs, milk, lard, (coconut and palm oil) • Unsaturated fats - plant origin - seeds, nuts, and plant oils. • Requirements - Not more than 30% of daily calorie intake should come from fat.

  34. Nutritional Requirements Proteins • Amino acids from dietary proteins are used to form new proteins such as enzymes. • Can be used to supply energy. • Sources include: • Meat, fish, poultry, cheese, nuts, eggs, cereal. • We cannot synthesize 8 amino acids needed to build proteins, therefore we must get these from our diet. These are essential amino acids. • Requirements: • About 0.8 grams per kilogram of body weight.

More Related