Furnace Rheometer System FRS 1600

1. Furnace Rheometer SystemFRS 1600

2. Cooling Concept of the Air Bearing DSR 301 Top view rheometer part Side view rheometer part Rheometer headDSR Air andwatercooledrheometer head fixture Air cooled coupling Heat shield (Fluid circulator VT2 running at 20 °C required)

3. The Furnace : Carbolite STF 16/180 The temperaturecontrolunit The furnace Working Tube X-Axis Movement (vertical) Temp. Display Power Cable

4. Preparation and Measurement of the Sample All youhaveto do is… Reference position, cleaning Measuringpositionby NF control, startmeasurement Lift position (NF control) Sample heating, melting Set zero gap Lift position Sample filling

5. Vertical Movement Concept Reference position for cooling and cleaning Heating position Measuringposition Pneumaticlift down toheatingposition Normal forcecontrolled final positioningbysteppermotordrivenelevatingthread Furnacemovedto park position Pneumatic lift up to final cup position

6. Overall View • Watermeasurementat 20 °C Fromverylowrotatingspeedsupto 300 1/s Regardingthe300 mm shaftperfectconcentricityandmeasurementresults.

7. Measuring Systems for high Viscosity Samples as e.g. Glass melts, Lava, Basalts Cup: Cups for powders and bulk goods (Larger volume in a non-molten state) C-CC Cup-Conc. Cylinderxx Inner Diameter in mmAO Aluminum oxideCA Carbon FRS for FRS C-CC30/AO/FRSd(i): 30 mm, d(o): 40 mm h(i): 60 mm C-CC30/CA/FRSd(i): 30 mm, d(o): 40 mm h(i): 60 mm Bob: D-CC Disposable-Conc. Cylinderxx Inner diameter in mmAO Aluminum oxideCA Carbon FRS for FRS C-CC30/CA/FRS/XL C-CC30/OA/FRS/XL d(i): 30 mm, d(o): 40 mm h(i): 80 mm C-CC30/CA/FRS/XL C-CC30/OA/FRS/XL d(i): 30 mm, d(o): 40 mm h(i): 80 mm C-CC30/CA/FRS/XL C-CC30/OA/FRS/XL d(i): 30 mm, d(o): 40 mm h(i): 80 mm D-CC11/AO/FRSd: 11.4 mm L: 30 mm D-CC11/CA/FRSd: 11.4 mm L: 30 mm D-CC15/CA/FRSd: 15 mm L: 20 mm D-CC15/AO/FRSd: 15 mm L: 20 mm Other materials and dimensions on request.

8. Standard Measuring Systems for low Viscosity Samples as e.g. Metal Melts Bob: D-CC Disposable-Conc. Cylinderxx Innercylinderdiameter in mmAO Aluminumoxide CA Carbone FRS for FRS D-CC25/CA/FRSd: 25 mm L: 37.5 mm D-CC27.6/AO/FRSd: 27.6 mm L: 41.4 mm D-CC27/CA/FRSd: 26.66 mm L: 40 mm D-CC27.6/CA/FRSd: 27.6 mm L: 41.4 mm D-CC29/CA/FRSd: 29 mm L: 41.4 mm Other materials and dimensions on request.

9. Applications, Impressions and Standards Possible applications: • metal melts • glass melts • coal ash, slags • lava, basalte, rocks (Withdrawn 2009) ( )

10. Metal (1) • The FRS is the only reasonable decision for metal melts, because of the low viscosities which can only be measured with an air bearing rheometer • Potential costumers: • Universities and other research centres • Metal industry: • Steel and Iron (melting points: ~1510 °C and 1530 °C ) • Copper (melting point: 1083 °C ) • Silicium (melting point: 1410 °C) • Cross-selling potential: CTD 600 and CTD 1000 (e.g. for Aluminium or Zinc and other lower melting materials) • Until now, metal melts are measured with so called Oscillating Vessel Viscometers and Flow Cups (assuming Newtonian behaviour)

11. Metal (2): Measurements • Argumentation and explanation: • Based on the latest scientific findings some metal and alloy melts exhibit non-Newtonian flow behaviour • This is a fundamental finding, as most theories and all measuring techniques are based on the assumption that metal and alloy melts are Newtonian liquids • Until now this effect could not be measured with competitor instruments, as they are all based on ball bearing rheometer heads • This effect has not only an impact on academia, but also on the metal processing industry. For example during the casting process a wide spectrum of shear rates can be observed, so the exact flow curve needs to be determined Figure: Quadruple repetition of steel measurements at 1537 °C - Please note the non-Newtonian behaviour!

12. Glass (1) • The FRS delivers great results measuring glasses • Potential costumers: • Universities and other research centres • Industry: Development of special glasses (standard glasses don’t need to be measured anymore, as their viscosity can be calculated by equations, if the exact chemical composition is known)

13. Glass (2): Measurements Argumentation and explanation: • Glass is a Newtonian liquid • The viscosities at different temperatures are from interested • Glass standards are available to conform the validity of the measurements • The FRS can measure glass according to the following standards: • ASTM C1276 (withdrawn) • ASTM C965 • With the FRS one can determine the following additional parameters: • Crystallisation point • Melting point Figure: Viscosity curve of two different glasses during cooling

14. Slags and coal ash (1) • The FRS can be used to measure slags and coal ash to determine their properties for their further processing • Potential costumers: • Universities and other research centres • Industry: • Slag: • By-product of the iron und steel production • Range of application: Additives for cement, street building, glass industry, brigs, fire proved materials, isolation materials…. • Coal Ash: • By-product of coal combustion (e.g. for Power generation or other industrial applications) • Range of application: e.g. Alternative to cement, usage in brigs, asphalt, flow able film shingles – building material for monuments (e.g. freedom tower NY-city)….

15. Slags an coal ash (2): Measurements Argumentation and explanation: • Good and reliable results for slag and coal ash • Slag or coal ash is sometimes “splashing” and “bubbling” – the advantage of our instrument is that we are operating in a working tube as protection for the heating elements • The working tube also protects the heating elements from corrosive gases released by the sample, that may cause severe damage Figure: Viscosity curve of coal ash at 1400 °C

16. Conclusion and features (1) • High safety, reliability and quality (of the instrument and the results) • Large shear rate range because of the air bearing • Normal force control: Sample shrinkage or expansion is recognized and measured by the normal force sensor. With this function the melting point can be determined • Toolmaster: DSR employs ToolmasterTM functionality. • Oscillation measurements are possible • Measurement of non-Newtonian material down to very low viscosities possible • Operation in a working tube – to handle even splashing and bubbling materials

17. Conclusion and features (2) • Easy and safe handling (CE certified) • Measurement according to the following standards: • ASTM C1276 (withdrawn) • ASTM C965 • Disposable measuring systems (for saving time -> no cleaning is required and for solidification experiments) • Temperature sensor / Temperature calibration: The FRS comes with a factory temperature calibration. The instrument sets the furnace temperature according to the calibration. The software displays the sample temperature • AGC coefficient: The length change due to temperature of the measuring system is automatically compensated by the AGC function

18. How to sell an FRS? • Look out for potential costumers (according to the applications mentioned before) in your region • Address them before their budget run • Look for information material like application reports in the extranet or ask for reference measurements and additional information. We are constantly adding new application reports and marketing material • Try to influence tenders according to our features and strengths and prepare yourself with arguments to explain the price differences to the competitors • Demos, installations and the costumer support is handled in teamwork with Graz (Peter Brandes and ElkeRiedl) • Please update us about your FRS opportunities and give us your and the costumers feedback about the FRS. Your opinion and your information are very valuable for us

19. Chances • One FRS project generates the turnover of two to three MCR projects • If the customer is really interested there is a good chance to sell a FRS • The FRS ensures safe operation and high quality (also in comparison to the competitors, a list will be handed out to all participants) • You will get all the support you need from Graz – together we can win more projects • Our team here in Graz is going to build up collaborations and further application knowledge in the high temperature rheometry area – be part of it!