Dick Fisher (right) Director (acting) Earth Sun Systems Division NASA HQ 19 Oct 2005

1. Earth-Sun System Division And The Vision for Space Exploration Dick Fisher (right) Director (acting) Earth Sun Systems Division NASA HQ 19 Oct 2005

2. EARTH SUN SYSTEM DIVISION FLIGHT PROGRAMS SCIENCE MISSION DIRECTORATE Earth Systematic (ES) Living With a Star (LWS) Explorers • Solar Dynamics Observatory • Space Environment Testbeds • Radiation Belt Storm Probe • GALEX (SMEX-7) (U) • AIM (SMEX-9) (ESS) • Swift (Midex-3) (U) • THEMIS (Midex-5) (ESS) • WISE (Midex-6) (U) • TWINS (MO-2) (ESS) • CINDI (MO-3) (ESS) • ASTRO-E2 (MO-4) (U) • EUSO (MO-5) (U) • IBEX (SMEX-10) (ESS) • NuSTAR (SMEX-11) (U) • Glory • LDCM • GPM • NPP • Aura • Aqua • Terra • ICESat • SORCE • EOSDIS Solar Terrestrial Probe (STP) • TIMED • Stereo • Solar B • MMS Earth System Science Pathfinder (ESSP) GOES Focused Physical Oceanography • GOES-R • GOES N-P • CALIPSO • CloudSat • OCO • Aquarius • Hydros • OSTM • ACRIMSAT • Jason POES Focused Atmos. Science Mission • NOAA-N • NOAA-N’ 5GO • Deep Space • Ulysses • Voyager I & II • L1 • SOHO • ACE • Near Earth • TRACE • RHESSI • FAST • POLAR • WIND • IMAGE • CLUSTER • SAGE III Decomission List Suborbital • ERBS • UARS • Aircraft • UAV • Sounding Rocket

3. Response of the Earth Sun System Division to new directions For NASA 1. Craft a strategic Research Plan that achieves high priority national scientific goals and optimally supports the Vision for Exploration (ROADMAP)

4. Sun-Solar System Connection Roadmap: Knowledge for Exploration • Explore the Sun-Earth system to understand the • Sun and its effects on • Earth, • the solar system, • the space environmental conditions that will be experienced by human explorers, and • demonstrate technologies that can improve future operational systems

5. Approach to Identify Priority Science Targets • Predictive capability for safe and productive exploration requires full understanding of a complex system of disparate systems • Priority goals enable significant progress in three essential areas: Understanding, Exploration, and Discovery • For example, discovery of near-Sun processes by Solar Probe provides transformational knowledge of the source of space weather enabling explorers to work safely and productively beyond Earth's magnetic shield

6. External and Internal Factors • We are poised to transform knowledge and provide predictive understanding of the SSSC system • Our technological society needs space weather knowledge to function efficiently • Human beings require space weatherpredictions to work safely and productively in space

7. Nature of the Challenge • A quantitative, predictive understanding of a complex system of systems • Microphysical processes regulate global & interplanetary structures • Multi-constituent plasmasand complex photochemistry • Non-linear dynamic responses • Integration and synthesis of multi-point observations • Data assimilative models & theory • Interdisciplinary communities and tools Solar CME engulfing the Earth: http://sun.stanford.edu/roadmap/NewZoom2.mov

8. We Have Already Begun! Space Storms at Earth Disturbed Mars-Space & Atmospheric Loss Dangerous Radiation Space Storms at the Outer Planets Disturbed Upper Atmosphere Solar System Blast Wave • Current Sun-Earth missions provide a prototype “5th Great Observatory”, providing a first look at the system level view and informing the roadmap plan • Theory, modeling, and observational tools now exist or can be developed to yield both transformational knowledge of the Sun-Earth system and provide needed tools and space weather knowledge for human exploration and societal needs • The 5th Great Observatory must adapt as new questions and capabilities arise.

9. Objectives Agency Strategic Objective: Explore the Sun-Earth system to understand the Sun and its effects on the Earth, the solar system, and the space environmental conditions that will be experienced by human explorers, and demonstrate technologies that can improve future operational systems Open the Frontier to Space Environment Prediction Understand the fundamental physical processes of the space environment – from the Sun to Earth, to other planets, and beyond to the interstellar medium Understand the Nature of Our Home in Space Understand how human society, technological systems, and the habitability of planets are affected by solar variability and planetary magnetic fields Safeguard Our Journeys Maximize the safety and productivity of human and robotic explorers by developing the capability to predict the extreme and dynamic conditions in space

10. From Goals to Implementation Phase 1 Sun-Earth-Moon System Characterization of System Phase 2 Sun - Terrestrial Planets Modeling of System Elements Phase 3 Sun-Solar System System Forecasting Joint Sun-Earth Science Forecast Hazards • Predict solar, heliospheric & stellar activity • Physical models of important space weather processes • Forecast space weather for society & explorers Model Systems Characterize Environments • Sample interstellar medium • Measure near-Sun space environment • Drivers of climate and habitability • Inner heliosphere radiation & space weather forecasts • Magnetic reconnection • Impacts of solar variability on Earth & Mars • Atmospheric response to external drivers Reliable Predictions for all Uses of Space • Particle acceleration processes • Drivers of cis-lunar space weather Local Space Weather Forecasts for Operations Space Weather Impacts on System Design Informs Lunar Exploration Informs Extended Human Exploration Space Weather Operations Crew Exploration Vehicle Robotic Lunar Exploration Human/Robotic Lunar Surface Exploration Extended Human Operations on Lunar Surface Human Exploration Near Mars or other solar system locale Human Exploration of Mars or other solar system locale Exploration Systems Timeline 2005 2015 2025 2035

11. Sun-Solar System Mission RecommendationsCurrent Budget Lines In Development Recommended New Initiative Partnership Flagship missions and partnerships: Recommendation: Obtain additional resources and work with partners to implement these missions Optimized program will require more resources …

12. Response of the Earth Sun System Division to new directions for NASA 1. Craft a strategic Research Plan that achieves high priority national scientific goals and optimally supports the Vision for Exploration (ROADMAP) 2. Develop and maintain a robust, serviceable space infrastructure .( PROGRAM ELEMENTS)

13. Community Coordinated Modeling Center • Facilitates Community Research • Provides community use of TR&T models • Supports Transition to Space Weather • Operations

14. Project Columbia

15. Senior Review Scheduled for November 2005 The 5 th Great Observatory

16. External Partnerships • Partnership Forums: • International Living With a Star • International Heliophysical Year • Enabling Space Weather Predictions for the International Space Environment Service • National Space Weather Program • Future Partnership Missions: • Solar Orbiter (ESA) • Current Partnership Missions: • Ulysses (ESA) • SoHO (ESA) • Cluster (ESA) • Geotail (JAXA) • Solar-B (JAXA) • National Partners: • National Science Foundation • National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration • Department of Commerce • Department of Defense • Department of Transportation • Department of Energy • Department of the Interior

17. Answering our science questions will sometimes require measurements at unique vantage points, within and outside the solar system Cost-effective, high-∆V propulsion and deep space power CRM-1: High energy power & propulsion—advanced RTGs CRM-2: In-space transportation—solar sails CRM-15: Nanotechnology—carbon nanotube membranes Large area coverage and space-time ambiguity resolution require simultaneous in-situ measurements using clusters & constellations, combined with remote sensing (sensor webs); Compact, affordable instruments & spacecraft; low-power hi-rad electronics CRM-3: Advanced telescopes & observatories Low-cost access to space (secondary payloads; sounding rockets) CRM-10: Transformational spaceport Return & ingest large data sets from throughout the solar system Next-generation or follow on to Deep Space Network CRM-5: Communication and Navigation Visualize, analyze and model space plasmas CRM-13: Advanced modeling/simulation/analysis New measurement techniques – compact instrumentation, imagers Next generation of Sun-Solar System instrumentation CRM-3: Advanced telescopes and observatories CRM-11: Scientific instruments & sensors CRM-15: Nanotechnology Technology Development

18. Human Capital and Infrastructure So that we may develop/maintain U.S. space plasma and space weather prediction / mitigation expertise, it is vital to provide a broad range of competed funding opportunities for the scientific community • Science Investigations: • Solar Terrestrial Probes (STP) • Living with a Star (LWS) • Explorer Program • Discovery Program • Sun-Solar System Great Observatory Enabling Capabilities: Sounding Rocket/Balloon Program Space Environment Testbeds (SET) Advanced Technology Program Education and Public Outreach • Research Programs: • Research and Analysis Grants • Guest Investigator • Theory Program • Targeted Research & Technology • Project Columbia • Develop IT, Computing, Modeling and Analysis Infrastructure • Virtual Observatories • Low Cost Access to Space • Science, Training, & Instrument Development • E/PO to Attract Workers to Earth-Sun Systems Science • Maintain Multiple Hardware & Modeling Groups • Strengthen University Involvement in Space Hardware Development • Facilitate and Exploit Partnerships • Interagency and International • Upgrade DSN to Collect More Data Throughout the Solar System

19. Education and Public Outreach Education and Public Outreach is Essential to the Achievement of the Exploration Vision • Emphasis on workforce development • Requires increase in the capacity of our nation’s education systems (K-16) • Entrain under-represented communities in STEM careers (demographic projections to 2025 underscore this need) • Roadmap has focused on: • Close up look at the role national science education standards play in effectively connecting NASA content to formal education • Importance of E/PO to achievement of Exploration Vision • Identification of unique E/PO opportunities • Articulation of challenges and recommendations for effective E/PO

20. Response of the Earth Sun System Division to new directions for NASA 1. Craft a strategic Research Plan that achieves high priority national scientific goals and optimally supports the Vision for Exploration (ROADMAP) 2. Develop and maintain a robust, serviceable space infrastructure .( PROGRAM ELEMENTS) 3. Plan an excuitable series of fight missions (FLIGHT PROGRAM)

21. NASA Science LaunchesESSD MISSIONS (CY04-CY10)  Deep Impact  NOAA N GOES N ST-6 CALIPSO CloudSat  MRO TWINS-A CINDI Astro-E2 SOFIA STEREO New Horizons DAWN ST-5 THEMIS AIM NPP TWINS-B SOLAR B IBEX WISE ST-7 ST-8 SDO LRO OSTM GOES P Aquarius KEPLER PhoenixLander GLAST NOAA N’ GOES O OCO Herschel Planck JUNO  GP-B  Messenger  SWIFT  Aura  Rosetta LWS RBSP MSL MarsTelecom LunarLander ST-9 Hydros GPM  Airborne Msn Us Inst. On Foreign Msn  Success  Failure Foreign Msn on US LV US Msn on US LV US Msn on DoD LV US Participation on Foreign Msn

22. NASA Science LaunchesHELIOPHYSICS MISSIONS (CY04-CY10)  Deep Impact  NOAA N GOES N ST-6 CALIPSO CloudSat  MRO TWINS-A CINDI Astro-E2 SOFIA STEREO New Horizons DAWN ST-5 THEMIS AIM NPP TWINS-B SOLAR B IBEX WISE ST-7 ST-8 SDO LRO OSTM GOES P Aquarius KEPLER PhoenixLander GLAST NOAA N’ GOES O OCO Herschel Planck JUNO  GP-B  Messenger  SWIFT  Aura  Rosetta LWS RBSP MSL MarsTelecom LunarLander ST-9 Hydros GPM  Airborne Msn Us Inst. On Foreign Msn  Success  Failure Foreign Msn on US LV US Msn on US LV US Msn on DoD LV US Participation on Foreign Msn

23. Present into Future - A National Plan

24. Is There Time to Learn Enough? Exploration Plan

25. Universal Structure and Processes • Magnetically Driven • Sun-Solar System Connection Physics - Three forces: • Pressure • Gravity • Magnetism • Gravitationally Dominated • Familiar Physics - Two forces: • Pressure • Gravity Galaxies Nebulae Heliosphere Stellar Magnetism Space Weather Stars/Sun: Total Solar Irradiance / Climate Solar Variability Flares CMEs Magnetars Pulsars Planets: Aurorae Ionospheres Atmospheric Chemistry Planetary Magnetospheres The dynamic interplay between the three forces (pressure, gravity, and magnetism) in the various venues of the solar system - the Sun’s atmosphere; the interplay between the Sun and the heliosphere; the interfaces between planets, their magnetospheres and the heliosphere; and the boundary between the solar system and the galaxy.

26. Heliophysics:The investigation of • the Sun, • its effects on the planets of the solar system,and • the structure and changing conditions of the space environment . . . including those experienced by human and robotic explorers.