Boating 1 ( PCOC) Second Evening: 4. Safety Awareness, 6. Navigation Aids 7. Trailering,

1. Boating 1 (PCOC) Second Evening: 4. Safety Awareness, 6. Navigation Aids 7. Trailering, 8. Getting Underway

2. QUESTIONS FROM LAST WEEK? Regulations Licensing Safety Equipment Rules of the Road

3. Safety AwarenessSection 4 • One hand for you, one for the boat • Move from one handhold to the next • Keep weight low • Wear the right clothing for the conditions • it is colder on the water due to wind chill • Sun is stronger on water (wear sun block) • Being too cold or too hot can be MISERABLE • Have alternate clothing in easy reach

4. Crew Overboard (COB) 40% of fatalities start as a fall over the side, most victims not wearing PFD or lifejacket • Don’t stand up in small boat (even to land the big one) • Do wear PFD/lifejacket while underway • Do wear tether and safety harness (sailors) • Tether to powerboat’s ignition switch (dead man’s switch)

5. Crew Overboard • Sound alarm by yelling OVERBOARD • Throw buoyant item as close as possible (cushion, lifejacket, life ring etc.) Tie heaving line to boat! • Assign someone to watch and point to the COB • Press COB/MOB button on GPS (marks spot) • Turn boat back, approach into wind and recover • Be careful of propeller (stop) during retrieval Getting person back on board is more difficult than you think – heavy, awkward, bouncy

6. Crew Overboard Think out recovery beforehand How will it work for YOUR boat? Small boat: over stern – not side. Practice with fender as COB

7. Cold Water Survival Cold water • As you go in, gasp reflex from cold water • Risk to gasp water into lungs – choke and cough, panic. Gasping could last several minutes • If wearing life jackets – probably will survive the gasping stage – hypothermia is next concern • Lose of use of arms and legs very quickly – after 15-20 minutes person will be helpless

8. Cold Water Survival HELP (Heat Escape Lessening Posture) Huddle

9. HypothermiaSigns and Symptoms Mild ... core temperature 35 - 34⁰ C • Intense shivering, involuntary muscle activity • Movements become less coordinated • Feelings of intense coldness, numbness in hands and feet • Probably unable to effectively grasp a line, or ladder, to help in rescue • Still alert, but impaired judgment Treatment • Remove wet clothing, put on dry clothing ...handle gently • Do not massage the muscles as this will also send cold blood back to the heart, result in further core temperature drop • Do not put victim in a warm shower or bath • Give warm drinks, not tea or coffee • Apply warmth head, neck and trunk

10. Moderate ... core temperature 33 - 31⁰ C • Shivering slows or stops, unable to compensate for heat loss • Muscles begin to stiffen • Lips, ears, fingers and toes become blue (cyanotic) • Speech is slow, vague, slurred • Mental confusion, apathy, drowsiness and strange behaviour • Breathing is slower and more shallow • Unable to help in rescue Treatment • Continue as for mild stage • Once shivering has stopped, they are unable to get warm without an external heat source. • Monitor vital signs and be ready to start CPR

11. Severe ... core temperature < 31⁰ C • Skin is cold and bluish • No muscle coordination • Clouded consciousness or unconscious • May appear dead: cold waxy skin and dilated pupils - must never assume a person is dead until re-warmed Treatment • If semi-conscious, try to keep victim awake. • Needs continuous monitoring • Handle very gently because now the heart is extremely fragile/sensitive • If no pulse, then must start CPR • Medical help is imperative...hospitalization and advanced medical treatment will be required for any chance of recovery

12. Hypothermia After-drop ... • Death can occur within 30 minutes after rescue, as core temperature continues to drop - hence, re-warming must begin as soon as possible and continued • Best prevented by not re-warming the extremities

13. Safety Awareness • Illness hazards at sea • Seasickness (ginger helps, watch horizon) • Heat stroke (symptoms: headaches, dizziness, muscle cramps) • Headache, from squinting, brightness • Feeling cold and wet is no fun either • Don’t drink and drive – you can lose your car driver’s license, too!

14. Carbon Monoxide Odourless gas formed from incomplete combustion ... • Leaking exhaust system • Exhaust blown back into the cabin • Portable flameless, catalytic heaters • Burning charcoal How it works ... • Carbon monoxide molecules bind to hemoglobin 240 times stronger than oxygen molecules • Individuals in poorer health, the elderly and children are most susceptible

15. Signs and Symptoms of CO poisoning ... • Early symptoms may feel like a light flu or beginning seasickness • Progresses to dizziness, nausea, headache, confusion - may be unable to understand situation • Reddish complexion • In higher concentrations, death occurs within minutes Rescue ... • Need to move victim into fresh air - could be dangerous for rescuer in higher concentrations • Administer pure oxygen • Symptoms will last for several hours after rescue • Permanent brain damage in more severe cases

16. Prevention includes ... • Always providing ventilation in cabin and engine compartment - not just open, must provide for moving air • Regular maintenance of exhaust systems • Installation of a marine grade CO detector - generally install at height about 1 - 1.5 m - near sleeping quarters Remember … Carbon Monoxide is colourless, odourless, slightly less dense than air and is extremely toxic.

17. FIRST AID • It can be very lonely out there when you are hurt and alone - Don’t be shy to issue Mayday if you have a genuine emergency • Have a First Aid kit on board; check contents annually • Have a First Aid kit on board; check contents annually • Know how to use it • Take a Red Cross, St. John’s Ambulance or similar course • Typical injuries: cuts, bruises, dehydration, sunburn, seasickness, hypothermia

18. Safe Speed • ALL vessels must be operated at a safe speed for the conditions and location • Consider visibility, traffic, hazards and any other factors that may apply. • High speed near swimmers can result in a charge under the Criminal Code of Canada. • Reduce wake for courtesy or safety of others • 5 knots is usual limit in harbours

19. Mechanical Failures No.1 cause of engine failure is lack of fuel Rule of thumb for fuel: 1/3rd out, 1/3rd back, 1/3rd in reserve • Make sure the fuel tank vent is open, not clogged • Dirt in the fuel tank may be stirred up in heavy weather • Check fuel filters regularly; No.2 cause is lack of maintenance

20. Mechanical Failures • Overheating. . . • faulty raw water pump impeller, blocked water inlet, leaking hose connections • Ignition problems. . . • spark plugs, high tension leads • Parts designed for automobiles will not be corrosion resistant or spark-proof. • If in shallow enough water. . . • Lower anchor to avoid drifting into danger • Always carry spare parts, such as v-belts, fuel filters and impellers

21. Hull Leaks • Don’t go out in a leaky boat – fix it first! • Small boats: Did the drain plug come out? • Use bailing bucket or manual pump or activate bilge pump(s) • Have wooden plugs sized for each thru-hull or tapered, conveniently located

22. Running Aground Best avoided by having good navigation skills! • Make sure your passengers are safe and wearing PFDs. • Check the bilge for water. • Check the hull for damage. • Check the propeller/engine for damage. • If there is a hole in the hull, you should not try to push off the shoal or rock into deep water before help is available

23. NAUTICAL CHARTS • Essential ‘Road Maps’ for mariners • Study the chart to know where the hazards are and where you are ! • Identify navigation buoys and their intended message • Determine minimum water depths • Charts show inshore traffic zones. All vessels (commercial and pleasure craft) may use these with due care • CPS Boating 2 and 3 courses have detailed material on proper use of charts

24. Safety Awareness • Fog – avoid if possible • Nav lights on • PFD’s on • Slow down or stop • Post a look out • Sound fog signals • Raise radar reflector • Remember: no right of way

25. Bad Weather • Check local marine weather forecast before setting off and while under way – a forecast 15 hrs old is out of date • Know comfortable limits of boat and crew • Plan for alternate destinations • Wear Life jackets/PFDs • Secure loose equipment • Keep weight low, near centre line • Cross waves at 45o Consider nausea medication

26. GOING DOWN…… • Capsizing/swamping/sinking, caused by overloading, mechanical failure, poor weather • Lifejackets on • Account for everyone • Mayday broadcast • Stay with boat • Cling to flotsam • Attract help

27. Getting Help • Use VHF radio - more than one person on board needs to know how to make an emergency call • Use arm signals, horn/whistle • Fire flares • Use cell phone (*16) • For non-emergency help (fuel, tow) marine assistance services (eg C-Tow, Vessel Assist) can be called

28. Good Samaritan Rule at Sea • All boaters are REQUIRED to render emergency assistance if requested and/or able to • You are NOT required to place your own boat or crew in harms way - simply standing by may be sufficient

29. Reporting Accidents • If involved in a personal injury accident (not requiring hospitalization) or property damage of $2500 or more • You must fill out a boating accident report and file it with Transport Canada within 14 days • If involved in a fatality or accident that requires hospitalization or property damage of $5000 or more • You must report to the local police as soon as practical

30. Fire Hazards • Fuel + oxygen + heat = FIRE • Heat source: cigarettes, electrical sparks, open flames • Damp charcoal, oily rags can self ignite • Gasoline and propane are dangerous fuels – their vapours are heavier than air and flow into bilge – can become explosive. - Bilge pump switches, electric motors need to be corrosive resistant and spark proof.

31. AVOIDING ENGINE FIRES • Ventilation • If enclosed, the engine space must be ventilated by a minimum of 2 cowls • Blower should be fitted • Backfire arrestors for gasoline engines • Must be fitted (except outboards and diesels) • Ignition Protection • Use marine parts – automobile parts are not safe alternatives!

32. FUEL FIRE PREVENTION • Fuel tanks and inlets/caps – maintain so they don’t leak • Fuel-burning appliances • Full air circulation around them • Propane tank in propane locker with venting overboard • Turn off fuel when not in use

33. ENGINE SPACE VENTILATION • Do not modify the ventilation systems

34. Fire Extinguishers

35. Fire Extinguishers Know how to use one: Break the safety tie, pull the pin, squeeze trigger aiming at the base of the fire.

36. Canadian Aids to Navigation SystemSection 6 Canadian Buoyage System consists of buoys in 3 different categories … • Lateral for guiding through constricted water • Cardinal for indicating direction of safe water • Special purpose for marking special areas • Buoys and fixed aids work together to provide navigational guidance, as needed for specific areas • Either type of aid may be lit or unlit

37. Buoy Recognition Navigator must … • Recognizing symbols on the chart • Identifying buoys and fixed aids on the water Buoys have particular characteristics that identify them as well as displaying their purpose … • Shapes – pointed top, flat top, round • Colours – red, green, white, yellow, black • Numbering system • Lights of different colours – red, green, white, yellow • Sound systems – bells (gongs), horns • Radar reflectors and transmitters

38. Lateral System Purpose: to guide vessels through constricted water, such as straits, channels, rivers and harbours … • System consists of fixed and floating aids • Unlike road signs that face one direction, buoys can be identified from any direction • A rule is needed to determine from which side the buoy is meant to be viewed: This is the “UPSTREAM” rule

39. The Concept of ‘Upstream’ • Upstream is going UP the river, ‘returning’ to or entering INTOharbour or going NORTHERLYon the Pacific Coast • Downstream is going the other way. • When going upstream, green buoys (port-hand) must be kept on your port (left) side, and red buoys (starboard-hand) must be kept on your starboard (right) side. REDto RIGHT RETURNING, RED to LEFT LEAVING

40. Lateral (Lane Marking) Buoys • Some lateral buoys are green, some are red, some are red and green, some are red and white. Each conveys a different message • Will have numbers and letters for identification. • May have a flat or pointed top to aid identification of type

41. Starboard-Hand Buoy • Red • Pointed top • Even numbers • Keep on your right when going upstream • Red Right Returning

42. Port-hand Buoy • Green • Flat top • Numbers are odd • Keep on port side when going upstream

43. Fairway Buoys • Red and white vertical stripes. • Mark the middle of a channel. • Pass on either side.

44. Bifurcation Buoys • These buoys mark a split in a channel where you may travel on one side or the other, but with one side preferred • Can be a green buoy with a red stripe or a red buoy with a green stripe. • The top band’s colour defines if this is a port-hand bifurcation buoy or a starboard-hand bifurcation buoy. • You may pass on either side but there is a preferred side. If you keep a starboard bifurcation buoy (red top band) on your right, you will be in the preferred channel.

45. BIFURCATION BUOYS

47. Cardinal Buoy System • North, South, East, West Cardinal buoys. • Show location of safe water. - safe water lies to the North of a North Cardinal buoy, etc. • Yellow and black bands in different combinations indicate the type • May have a top mark made of two cones.

48. North Cardinal South Cardinal

49. E East Cardinal W West Cardinal

50. Lights on Cardinal Buoys … • White light on all • North, one quick flash every second • East, a group of 3 quick flashes repeated every ten seconds. • South, a group of 6 quick flashes then one long flash. • West, a group of 9 quick flashes repeated every 15 seconds. • The East, South and West flashes correspond to the numbers 3, 6 and 9 on a clock just as the E, S and W correspond to a compass rose.