Standard 2.1

1. Standard 2.1

2. North America-1600sLeading to Revolutionary WAr • Purpose of colonial system was to enrich Britian-first colony 1607 • Countries in competition to get the most gold-focus of mercantilism • Had a good system shipping things to England and they were selling things to U.S. • Representative gov’t, Rule of law established • By mid-1600s Navigation Acts passed (good for all) • Some Tensions politically in Mass. (New England) • 1688 attention away from colonies-salutary neglect • Gov. elected by king was highest authority in about all colonies..assembly was chosen by white males with money to assist. (gave them a taste of self-gov’t) • South was prospering from Agriculture

3. North America-1600sLeading to Revolutionary War • North making it with commerce and trade (wheat, corn, fish, lumber) • Colonies were growing especially in Mid-Atlantic and New England • Boston, Philadelphia, New York, Charles Town grew as Port Cities • By 1700s, Puritans lost grip on society b/c of equality in Mass. At the time, John Edwards led the Great Awakening (religious revival) • By 1750s French was Britian’s biggest rival for a world empire. • At time, French had good relations with Natives but not as big at time. • British won and issued Proc. Of 1763-banned west of Appalachian mountains (hard to enforce) • Debt from war caused financial strain, so tax increased against colonist and British gov’t moved troops to “protect against Natives” (ex. Sugar Act)

4. Standard 2.2

5. Declaration of Independence and American Revolution • First Continental Congress-minutemen (colonial civilian soldiers) • Bunker Hill-deadliest battle of Revolution • Common Sense (by Thomas Paine) attacking King George III • Declaration of Independence-written by Thomas Jefferson (further the cause of fighting, in 2nd year) • Patriots vs. Loyalists • Battle of Saratoga-British colonial victory, turning point of war. • Battle of Yorktown-English surrendered • Significance of France?

6. Declaration of Independence and American Revolution • Declaration of Independence-what did it do? • Gave us principles of equality, rights of life, liberty and pursuit of happiness • Gov’t was to secure these rights • People could abolish gov’t when rights not protected • Said King had violated those rights (acts that led to the war-tax w/o representation) • Had world-wide impact (France, Latin America)

7. Standard 2.3

8. Articles of Confederation • State gov’t should run their own state. • Continental Congress was model (each state had one vote) • Ratified in 1781, but was questioned from beginning because of competing states. • Because of interstate trade/rebellions delegates called to meeting in Philadelphia in 1787

9. The Articles of Confederation

10. Standard 2.4

11. New National Government • States amended their 1st constitutions to make governor stronger b/c before the executive branch was too weak. • We were in an economic crisis b/c of breaking off trade with Great Britain • Rebellion like Shay’s Rebellion in Mass, begin to occur. This scared the elite and prompted a move toward stronger national gov’t. • James Madison-father of constitution (Virginia Plan) • Connecticut Compromise call for bicameral legislature resolved the conflict b/t big and small states. • In south, had issue of how slaves would count (3/5 compromise) • Powers separated b/t 3 branches, President limited to four years, checks and balances (all to limit too much power) • Constitution went to state conventions for ratification. • Federalist (for constitution) vs. Anti-Federalist (against constitution) • “Federalist Papers”-explained/clarified purpose of constitution. (helped with ratification)

12. Standard 2.5

13. The Constitution • Constitution founded on principles brought from British gov’t • Magna Carta brought the idea of people through THEIR representatives have a say so in taxing. • English Bill of Right said the same thing about people having rights. Also limited gov’t just like in our constitution. It also has religious freedom like our first amendment • Purpose of Constitution: more effective central gov’t while also limiting power over states. • Sovereignty- authority over an area (states w/ Articles) The Constitution it’s with the people • Federalism-divides powers • Separation of powers-limits gov’t by dividing powers • Checks and balances-no branch too powerful • Purpose of Bill of Rights: limit power of national gov’t, by recognizing rights that belong to the people

14. Standard 2.6

15. Thomas Jefferson vs. Alexander Hamilton • Social Differences • Federalist-supporters of Hamilton, strong gov’t,loose interpretation of Constitution wealthy Northerners. Supported British in war against French Revolution • Democratic-Republican-supporter of Jefferson, limited gov’t, supported by common man. Supported French in French Revolution Economic Differences • Hamilton-pay off war debt with bonds Jefferson (Madison)- disagreed ---Northern states agreed with Hamilton (were wealthy and in debt) • Hamilton-establish a national bank Jefferson-disagreed, unconstitutional • Hamilton-protective tariff Jefferson-disagreed • Hamilton-tax on whiskey Jefferson-supported farmers who produced whiskey

16. Standard 2.7

17. U.S. Supreme Court, Marbury vs. Madison • Marshall Court- (John Marshall) established federal courts supreme over state courts. • Chief Justices, chosen by president, run Marshall Court • Marbury vs. Madison: Federalist Marbury commissioned a lower court after Democratic-Republicans took office. Madison refused refused it. Marbury appealed to Supreme Court and they said it was unconstitutional for them to make Madison deliver it. This was landmark, because it was the first ruling if something is constitutional or not.