Chapter 13

1. Chapter 13 Urban Patterns Key 3 & Key 4

2. Key Issue 3Why Do Inner Cities Have Distinctive Problems? • Inner-city physical problems • Deterioration process • Urban renewal • Inner-city social problems • Underclass • Culture of poverty • Inner-city economic problems • Annexation

3. Inner-City Physical Problems • Poor condition of housing • Most built before 1940 • Process of Deterioration • # of low-income families increase • Territory expands • Middle-class families move away • Sell or rent their houses to low-income

4. Filtering • 19th Century Large houses • Subdivided into smaller dwellings for low-income • Maintenance of homes is important • Landlords stop maintaining buildings when rent is less than cost • Ultimate result: deterioration & abandonment of dwelling • Schools & shops close • Low-income move further away from center

5. Redlining • Illegal • Banks draw lines on map • Determines areas where they refuse to loan money • Makes it difficult for people to renovate homes • Community Reinvestment Act • Requires US banks to loan money to inner-city neighborhoods

6. Urban Renewal • North America & Europe • Demolish substandard inner-city housing • Cities acquire rundown homes from owners • Build new roads utilities • Sold to developers or public agencies • National grants help fund urban renewal

7. Public Housing • Reserved for low-income households • Pay 30% of income to rent • Government agencies responsible for maintenance & repairs of buildings • US, public housing is 2% of dwellings • UK, 1/5 is public housing

8. Public Housing • US & Europe • High rise public housing of 1950s & 190s now unsatisfactory • Drug use & crime rates are high • Poor conditions • Many demolished in Baltimore, Chicago, & cities of W Europe • Recent public housing projects • 2-3 story apartment buildings/row homes • Scatter housing rather than cluster in one area • US gov’t stopped funding of new construction, only fund renovation • Increase of demand for public housing, funding has decreased

9. Renovated Housing • Alternative to demolition • Non-profit renovate to sell or rent them • Renovated housing in middle-class neighborhoods • Gentrification • Middle-class families move into formerly deteriorated low-income neighborhoods • Renovated housing • Large homes • Cheaper than suburbs • Attractive architectural details

10. Gentrification in Boston The Back Bay area near downtown Boston has attracted many wealthy residents.

11. Racial Change in Chicago1980 - 2000 Fig. 13-17: Racial & ethnic change in Chicago, 1980-2000. Dots represent where race and ethnicity increased. White population increased in the inner city and North Side, while African American and Hispanic population increased in the outer city and inner suburbs.

12. Inner City Social Problems • Permanent Underclass: trapped in cycle of economic & social problems • Unemployment • Alcoholism • Drug addiction • Illiteracy • Juvenile delinquency • crime • Schools deteriorated, lack adequate police/fire protection, shops, hospitals, health-care facilities

13. Lack of Job Skills • Lack technical skills for most jobs • Less than half complete high school • Gap between skills needed and skills possessed is widening • Low-skilled jobs have moved to suburbs • Lack of transportation

14. Homeless • Est 3 million homeless Americans • Cannot afford housing • No regular income • Family problems job loss • 1/3 released from hospitals/institutions • ¼ are children

15. Culture of Poverty • Unwed mothers: birth 2/3 of inner-city babies • 80% inner-city children live w/single parent • Choice between staying home or working • Welfare • “dead-beat dads” • Not paying child support

16. Crime • Drug use increasing in inner cities • Crime to pay for drug use • Gangs control drug distribution • Drugs sold openly in inner-city • Suburbs: more discrete

17. Dayton, OhioDrug-related Arrests Fig. 13-18a: Drug-related arrests have been concentrated in the low income inner-west side of the city.

18. Ethnic & Racial Segregation • Neighborhoods often segregated by ethnicity • African Americans • Hispanics • Whites • East/West or North/South sides of cities • Correlates with voting patterns

19. Dayton, OhioRace and Voting Fig. 13-18b: In the 2005 mayoral election, votes for Rhine McLin, an African American incumbent, concentrated in the African American west side of the city.

20. Inner-City Economic Problems • People require public services • Pay little in taxes • Growing gap between cost & availability of services • City has 2 choices • Reduce services: libraries, trash, schools • Encourage middle-class to move to suburbs • Raise taxes • Drives out industry, less taxes collected

21. Annexation • Annexation: legally adding land area to city • Cities grow& took peripheral land • Residents vote on decision • Chicago from 10sq miles in 1837to 190sq miles in 1900 • Was desirable because city offered more services • Today: suburban residents prefer to be part of suburbs, close to city, but not legally part of it

22. Growth of Chicago Fig. 13-19: Chicago grew rapidly in the 19th century through annexation. In the 20th century the major annexation was for O’Hare Airport. The city of Chicago covers only a portion of the Chicago metropolitan statistical area (inset).

23. Key Issue 4Why do Suburbs have distinctive problems? • The peripheral model • Density gradient • Cost of suburban sprawl • Suburban segregation • Transportation and suburbanization • Motor vehicles • Public transportation • Local government fragmentation • Metropolitan government • Growing smart

24. Population Changes • Population decline by 30-50% in many cities • Baltimore • Cleveland • Pittsburgh • Boston • Cincinnati • Suburbs continue to grow • 1950: 20% of pop in suburbs • 2000: 50% of pop in suburbs

25. Suburb LIving • 90% of US & W Europe prefer to live in suburbs • Detached single-family homes • Private land • Parking • Privacy • Protection from crime

26. The Peripheral Model • Chauncey Harris (multiple nuclei model) • “Urban area consists of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential & business areas tied together by a beltway or ring road” • Lack problems of inner-city neighborhoods • Edge Cities: around the beltway, suburban residence • Transforming to include malls, manufacturing, office parks, hotels, theme parks

27. Peripheral Model of Urban Areas Fig. 13-20: The central city is surrounded by a ring road, around which are suburban areas and edge cities, shopping malls, office parks, industrial areas, and service complexes.

28. Density Gradient • As you travel outward from city, population density decreases • Apartments  row homes  townhouses  single detached • The number of houses per unit of land diminishes as distances from center city increases • Changes in Density Gradient • Less people living in cities • Population increasing in periphery

29. Cleveland, Ohio Density Gradient1900-1990 Fig. 13-21: The density gradient in Cleveland shows the expansion of dense population outward from the city center over time. In 1990, population dispersed over a wider area with less variation in density than before.

30. Cleveland, OhioDensity Gradient, 1900 Fig. 13-21a: In 1900 population was highly clustered in and near the central business district.

31. Cleveland, OhioDensity Gradient, 1930 Fig. 13-21b: By 1930, population had begun to spread outward, leaving the core less dense.

32. Cleveland, OhioDensity Gradient, 1960 Fig. 13-21c: Outward movement had accelerated by 1960, leaving the original CBD core as the least densely populated area of the city.

33. Cleveland, OhioDensity Gradient, 1990 Fig. 13-21d: By 1990. population was spread over a much larger area, there was less variation among rings, and the lowest densities were near the CBD.

34. Cost of Suburban Sprawl • Progressive spread of development over the landscape • Cheap land bought by developers to construct new homes • Land is further from other developments

35. Suburban Development Process • Continued demand for single-family detached homes • Land continues to be converted for residential use • Inefficient use of land: Swiss Cheese of US • Developers buy farms • Builders by land • Homeowner pays for lot • New roads need to be built • Waste of land • Wastes energy • Long drives to work

36. European Suburbs • Europe restricts construction • Preserves “mandatory open space” • London has greenbelts: rings of open space • New housing is restricted to inside or outside of greenbelt • Restrictions drive up home prices

37. Suburban Development in the U.S. and U.K. Fig. 13-22: New housing in the U.K. is likely to be in planned new towns, while in the U.S. growth occurs in discontinuous developments.

38. Northampton, United Kingdom There is usually a sharp boundary between an urban area in the U.K., such as Northampton, and the surrounding rural area.

39. Tokyo Subway “Subway pushers” help push as many people as possible into subway cars during rush hour in Tokyo. Other passengers wait in orderly lines to board the next train.

40. Public Transport in Brussels Fig. 13-23: Brussels, Belgium illustrates the integration of heavy rail (Métro Lines 1 & 2) and light rail (trams) in European public transport.

41. Tram Line in Brussels A Line 92 tram on the Rue Royale in Brussels.

42. Stressed School Districts in Cincinnati Metropolitan Area Fig. 13-24: A high-cost school district has either a high percentage of students eligible for free lunches or a rapidly changing enrollment. Districts in the suburbs have high costs but low spending.

43. Central London Traffic Sign This sign near Marble Arch in London warns motorists that they are about to enter the Congestion Zone. A charge is levied for driving a private vehicle into central London from 7 AM to 6:30 PM.