C1 Contents

1. How to Operate This PowerPoint Select slideshow and click on “From Beginning”. Click once and this box will disappear, then choose the section you wish to look at and click on next to it. C1 Contents Paints and Pigments Cooking and Additives Smells Making Crude Oil Useful Making Polymers Designer Polymers Using Carbon Fuels Clean Air

2. C1: Carbon Chemistry Paint and Pigments Learning Objectives All:Be able to describe what paint is used for Most: Be able to explain what is meant by the term colloid Some: Be able to conclude how thermochromic and phosphorescent pigments can be used Starter:Unscramble the anagrams on your desk

3. Uses • In pairs discuss what paint is used for and what you think it contains • Paint is used to decorate, e.g. pictures • Paint is used to protect, e.g. wooden fences

4. Contents • Paint contains 3 things • A pigment - colour, normally powdered rock • A binding agent – dries to form a continuous layer • A solvent – dissolves the binding medium to make the paint more fluid

5. Paint Types • What types of paint can you name? • Emulsion paint - water based, their solvent is water which evaporates • Oil paint – oil based, the pigment is mixed in oil which may be dissolved in a solvent (usually water nowadays) • The solvent evaporates and then the oil reacts with air to oxidise and form a • hard film

6. Colloid • Paint is a colloid • Particles of one substance are mixed with particles of another substance but are not dissolved in it and are too small to settle at the bottom • The pigment is spread throughout the binding agent but is not dissolved in it

7. Copy and Complete • Paints contain a pigment. This is often rock that has been ground into a powder and mixed with a binding agent, such as oil, to form a colloid. • A solvent is used to thin the mixture. When the paint is applied, the solvent will evaporate leaving the binding agent, which will stick the pigment to the wall. 2 1 3 4 5 6 7 10 9 8 11 12 13 agent • binding •colloid •evaporate •oil •paint pigment •powder •rock •solvent •stick •thin •wall

8. Clever Paint • You can now get thermochromic pigments and phosphorescent pigments • If you mix BLUE thermochromic paint with RED acrylic paint what colour will you get? • What colour will it turn when heated? • Thermochromic paint changes colour when heated, normally from a colour to colourless • You can mix thermochromic paint with acrylic paint to get a range of colours

9. Phosphorescent Pigments • Phosphorescent pigments have many uses such as watch faces and fire safety signs • Once the phosphorescent pigments in watch faces were radioactive but no more • Phosphorescent pigments glow in the dark • The pigment absorbs light energy and stores it • When energy is released as light energy slowly • It is sometimes called luminous

10. Coloured Clothes • Pigments aren’t just used in paint • One of the most common uses of pigments is in dying our clothes • You can have natural or synthetic dyes • Synthetic dyes are man-made – this has made many more colours possible

11. C1: Carbon Chemistry Cooking and Additives Learning Objectives All:Be able to recall examples of food additives Most: Be able to explain thermal decomposition Some: Be able to conclude how emulsifiers work Starter: Write an A-Z of cooked food (e.g. A = Apple pie, B = Bacon,)

12. Cooking • Why do we cook food? What does cooking do to the food? • The high temperature kills harmful microbes • Improves the foods texture and flavour • Makes the food easier to digest Cooking causes an IRREVERSIBLE CHEMICAL CHANGE that involves a change of energy within the food and new substance is made

13. Have To Cook • Some things have to be cooked • Meat and eggs • These are mostly protein • Protein is a chain of amino acids held together by bonds • When the protein is heated the bonds break and the molecule changes shape … permenantly • This is called denaturing

14. Protein and Carbohydrates • Meat and eggs are sources of protein, what is a source of carbohydrate? • Potatoes – these are mostly starch • How does cooking affect proteins and carbohydrates? • Meat – firmer, colour change • Eggs – firmer, colour change • Potato – softer (cell walls break, starch swells up and spreads)

15. Baking Powder • Baking powder is used in cakes • It contains sodium hydrogencarbonate • Sodium hydrogencarbonate shows thermal decomposition • When heated it breaks down into other substances carbon dioxide sodium hydrogencarbonate sodium carbonate water 2NaHCO3 Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O

16. Carbon Dioxide • When sodium hydrogencarbonate breaks down it turns into sodium carbonate, carbon dioxide and water • When baking the carbon dioxide makes the cakes rise and gives them the light and fluffy texture • Carbon dioxide is tested for using lime water • Cloudy lime water =  CO2 • Clear lime water =  CO2

17. Practical WEAR EYE PROTECTION If you have long hair fasten it back Keep stools and bags under tables so no-one falls over them. Wipe up anything that you spill. Tell your teacher straight away if you break anything

18. Food Additives • Every food is made of chemicals – some natural, some synthetic • Processed foods may have extra chemicals added to them • What do extras do food manufacturers add to their food and why? • Colours • Flavour Enhancers • Vitamins • Antioxidant • Emulsifiers

19. Match these up Food Additive What it does Improve or change the flavour (and aroma) of food Antioxidants Prevent food containing oil and water separating into two layers Colours Provide substances which are necessary for a healthy body Emulsifiers Give food colour – its natural colour or a colour it would not normally have Flavour Enhancers Preserve food by preventing it from reacting with oxygen Vitamins

20. What is in it? • In your books draw a table like the one below • Look at a selection of the food labels and complete the table. • Which had the most number of additives? • Which were the most common E-numbers? • Why do you think some additives have E-numbers?

21. Practical WEAR EYE PROTECTION If you have long hair fasten it back Keep stools and bags under tables so no-one falls over them. Wipe up anything that you spill. Tell your teacher straight away if you break anything

22. Emulsifiers • Using the practical you have just done and the text books (P98-101) answer the following: • What does an emulsifier do? • How does it do this? • Write a definition of hydrophobic • Write a definition of hydrophillic • Give three examples of emulsions • Design a leaflet explaining how washing-up liquid works.

23. Emulsions • Some liquids do not mix – they are immiscible, e.g. oil and water • If you shake them up they become an emulsion • Mayonnaise and emulsion paints are emulsions • If left the emulsion will separate

24. Emulsifier Hydrophilic head • Emulsifiers are molecules that stop oil and water separating, e.g. Lecithin (from oil seeds) • Hyrophobic = hates water (bonds chemically to oil) • Hydrophillic = loves water (bonds chemically to water) • One end of the molecule dissolves in water, the other end dissolves in oil • This holds the oil and water together and makes the emulsion stable Hydrophobic tail

25. C1: Carbon Chemistry Smells Learning Objectives All:Be able to describe the properties of perfumes Most: Be able to explain how to create an ester Some: Be able to analyse the arguments for and against animal testing Starter:Create a mind map of what a good perfume needs

26. Perfume Properties • Nice smell • Non-toxic - Does not poison • Doesn’t react with water – No reaction with perspiration • Does not irritate the skin - So it can be sprayed on to the skin • Insoluble in water - Does not wash off • Perfumes can be natural or synthetic but all perfumes need the following: • Evaporates easily (is volatile) - Perfume particles reach the nose

27. Natural Perfumes • Perfumes can be natural or synthetic • Natural perfumes can be made very easily • There are 8 basic steps to making perfume at home

28. Being Volatile • If a liquid is volatile it evaporates easily • The liquid becomes a gas very easily because of the forces between the molecules • The intermolecular forces are weak – they are not attracted to each other very much • The molecules only need a little energy to overcome this attraction

29. Making Perfume • There are two types of perfume – natural and synthetic • An ester is a type of molecule that smells – they are used in perfumes and as solvents • They do occur naturally but can be made in a lab

30. Esters • Esters are made from a chemical reaction called Esterification • Organic acids contain carbon which has covalent bonds other atoms • Sulphuric acid is added as a catalyst • Esters can smell of pears, bananas, strawberries and pineapples depending on the ester made • Esters are also found in nail varnish remover and pear drops Alcohol + Organic Acid Ester + Water

31. Methanol + butanoic acid methyl butanoate + water Esters O O H H H H H H H H • Esters are made from a chemical reaction called Esterification • Organic acids contain carbon which has covalent bonds other atoms • Sulphuric acid is added as a catalyst • Esters are also found in nail varnish remover and pear drops H H C C C C C C C C O C C H H O O H H H H H H H H H H Alcohol + Organic Acid Ester + Water O H H Smells of pineapple

32. Label this 1. • Labels 1-5 • Heat • Reactants • Water • Water in • Water out 2. Extra Labels Beaker Reflux Condenser Round-bottomed Flask 3. 4. 5.

33. Solvents • Esters can also be solvents • Ethyl ethanoate is an ester that may be found in nail varnish remover • Nail varnish is does not dissolve in water, it is insoluble • Nail varnish does dissolve in nail varnish remover, it is soluble

34. Key words

35. Dissolving? • Why do things dissolve? • Attraction between particles! • Between solute particles • Between solvent particles • Between solute and solvent particles • The attraction between two water molecules is stronger than between a water molecule and a nail varnish molecule

36. Science Questions

37. Task • Next lesson the class is going to debate the pros and cons of animal research • You need to research and prepare arguments for your side • You will be given for or against by Miss Dixon

38. Debate • The class is going to debate the pros and cons of animal research • You may only speak when it is your turn • You must not interrupt others when they are speaking

39. C1: Carbon Chemistry Making Crude Oil Useful Learning Objectives All:Be able to describe why fossil fuels are non-renewable Most: Be able to explain how fractional distillation works Some: Be able to analyse the importance of cracking Starter: What is meant by the phrase ‘non-renewable’?

40. Oil Creation • Use the information sheets given to you and the text books to research and produce a poster that explains the following points: • What a fossil fuel is • How oil was formed • Why is oil non-renewable • How is oil extracted • The problems of transporting oil • The effects of an oil slick on the environment Orange OCR P106; Co-ordinated Chemistry P188-9; Co-ordinated Biology P176, 178; Red Foundation Science 1 P148-9; Blue Foundation Science 2 P30, P35;

41. Distillation • Different liquids are mixed together • If they have different boiling points they can be separated by distillation • The liquid is heated • The one with the lowest bp evaporates first • It is cooled • It condenses back into liquid Boiling point

42. Crude Oil • This is the oil that comes out of the ground • It is split into different “fractions” by distillation • These fractions include: bitumen, lubricants, diesel, gas oil, paraffin, petrol and fuel gas

43. Fractional Distillation Boiling Point Fuel Gas (LPG) Small molecules Low boiling point Very volatile Flows easily Ignites easily Large molecules High boiling point Not very volatile Does not flow easily Does not ignite easily Paraffin Light Gas Oil Bitumen

44. Useful Products • The different fractions contain a range of molecules with similar boiling points • The are all hydrocarbons – made of hydrogen and carbon • The smaller, lighter hydrocarbons are more useful than the heavier ones

45. Cracking • The large hydrocarbons can be split into smaller hydrocarbons by cracking • The fractions that contain the large hydrocarbons are heated into a vapour • Then they are passed over a hot catalyst • The bonds inside the chemicals break and smaller molecules form • This is an example of thermal decomposition

46. Cracking H HHHHHHH H–C–C–C–C–C–C–C–C–H H HHHHHHH H H C=C H H H HHHHH H–C–C–C–C–C–C–H H HHHHH

47. C1: Carbon Chemistry Making Polymers Learning Objectives All:Be able to describe a hydrocarbon Most: Be able to explain the difference between alkanes and alkenes Some: Be able to predict the polymer made from a monomer Starter:Define a) fractional distillation, b) cracking

48. Hydrocarbons • Oil is made of lots of different size molecules • Most of them are hydrocarbons • They are made of hydrogen and carbon and are held together by covalent bonds (sharing electrons) 1 H 1 12 C 6

49. Alkanes • Alkanes are hydrocarbons that have single bonds • In alkanes the number of hydrogen atoms is double the number of carbons plus two • Methane: 1 carbon, (1x2) + 2 hydrogens? • Methane: 1 carbon, 4 hydrogens • Methane: CH4 (2) + 2 hydrogens = 4 hydrogens Alkanes CnH2n+2

50. Alkanes 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 C2H6 C3H8 C4H10 C5H12 C6H14 C7H16 C8H18 C9H20 C10H22