Unit B6: Urban environments

1. Unit B6: Urban environments Lesson B6.7 Review 1

2. Next 4 weeks – Urban environments • Key ideas 1: A growing percentage of the world’s population lives in urban areas. • Key idea 2: The urban environment is characterised by the segregation of different land uses and of people of different economic status and ethnic background. • Key idea 3: Changes occur as urban environments age and the needs of people change.

3. Week 14 Key idea 1: A growing percentage of the world’s population lives in urban areas. • The nature of urbanisation (including suburbanisation and counterurbanisation); • The problems associated with rapid urbanisation including congestion, transport, employment, crime and environmental quality. • Mapping of the changing global distribution of megacities. • Environmental quality survey (fieldwork opportunity).

4. Week 15 Key idea 2: The urban environment is characterised by the segregation of different land uses and of people of different economic status and ethnic background. • Factors encouraging similar land uses to concentrate in particular parts of the urban area (eg locational needs, accessibility, land values). • Reasons for, and consequences of, the segregation of different socioeconomic and ethnic groups. • Shanty towns (squatter communities): location, growth, problems and mitigating strategies (including self-help). • Land use transects plotting (fieldwork opportunity • A case study of one city to show the land use patterns and the distribution of social/ethnic groups. • where was this? • A case study of shanty town management in a LIC city. • where was this?

5. Week 16 & 17 – New stuff Key idea 3: Changes occur as urban environments age and the needs of people change. • The nature of, and reasons for, the changes taking place at the edge of HIC cities (eg retail complexes, business parks and industrial estates). The ‘greenfield’ versus ‘brownfield’ debate. • Areas of social deprivation and poverty in HIC cities: symptoms and locations. The changing fortunes of inner-city areas. • The roles of managers (planners, politicians, property developers and industrialists) in urban regeneration and re-imaging. • Annotated sketches of urban change based on the analysis of photographs and maps. • A case study of one named urban area in an HIC to explain how and why changes are taking place.

6. Urbanisation is the process by which more and more people move from rural areas into towns and cities. • What pattern do you see in 2005?

7. This is another way to look at it -Urban centres 2007

8. But this shows how it has changed But what pattern do you see here? . How does that match with previous graphs? What do you see as a pattern for the future?

9. Recall these graphs from http://ih-igcse-geography.wikispaces.com/6.2.+Urbanisation+and+mega-cities – what do they tell you? Also most new economic development occurs in cites – why? Pushes/pulls are highest in LICs Cities are also experiencing high rates of natural increase – what is that and why? Why are so many people leaving rural LICs?

10. As this is what they think will happen • Do you see any changes in urban population? • And in the rural one? .

11. But as we have seen, the pattern does change with development • So what do you think are the typical features of each stage? Stage 3 Mature urbanisation Stage 4 Counterurbanisation Stage 1 Early urbanisation The urbanisation pathway Stage 2 Acceleration urbanisation

12. The history of urbanisation • Urban first appear as a result of agglomerisation – that is the concentration of people and economic activities at favourable locations – and these might be? • As towns expand, people move from near the centre outwards in a process of suburbanisation – which city did we use as an example of this? What were the push/pull factors that encouraged this? • Agglomerisation + suburbanisation can lead to conurbations – the joining of several urban areas to form one huge sprawling. Can you name one? http://ih-igcse-geography.wikispaces.com/6.1.Urbanisation

13. The history of urbanisation • As an urban area prospers and grows, other factors come into play. People may move out of the city they work in to live in smaller more rural settlements - dormitory settlements. They then commute to the city to work and so still make use of the city services. • Over time, a different process sets in – people move further out into the country and often take their businesses with them – this is counterurbanisation. http://ih-igcse-geography.wikispaces.com/6.1.Urbanisation

14. These processes can be linked back to the urbanisation pathway diagram • Agglomeration and suburbanisation go hand in hand with stage 1 and 2, while dormitory towns and commuting come with Stage 3 and counterurbanisation are relevant to stage 4. • Urban regeneration could be added to stage 3 – that is the re-using of older parts of the city, that no longer serve the purpose that was designed for, such as old factories and poor housing. – we will return to this later. The upmarket version of this is called re-imaging, in it simplest form means not just re-using it but making sure everyone is aware of what a great place it is! Classic example – London Docklands. • Urbanising the suburbs is another part of development pathway – Stage 3/4. Originally suburbs had wide roads, big gardens etc – but now the push for brownfield development means that in-filling between houses, adding houses to large old back gardens etc

15. Key ideas about million cities • Until 1800 there were none and by 1900, the book says only London and Paris had a million – however, other sources reckon that Beijing was already a million in 1800 and that by 1900 there were 12 in total! So I think you need to include Beijing for 1800 and for very few including London and Paris for 1900! The current estimate is about 400! • As they have become so common, then we need a name for the next biggest – megacities have over 10 million – in 1970 there were just 4 – now are 24 of them! UN estimates say there will be 30 by 2015, over half in Asia.

16. Classic question: What are the reasons for the growth of megacities? • Make sure you include these 4: • Economic development • Natural population growth + migrants • Economies of scale • Multiplier effect • Most expansion takes place in centres where is easiest to get the goods and services needed to succeed – these 2 can be grouped under economic development and economies of scale. • Cities attract the young – as the cool place to be, where there is plenty going on – young people go on to have families. • The multiplier effect is that business brings jobs, that bring money that have need of basic services and with additional prosperity, luxury services.

17. The downside of mega cities • Is there enough good quality housing for all the new arrivals? • Are there enough basic services to give a decent quality of life to everyone living there? • Are there enough roads and public transport to move people around efficiently? • Is there enough health case? Education? • Answer no to any of these and you have a down side!

18. The downside of mega cities • Additionally – if there are not enough jobs in the formal economy*, then there are likely to be crime and/or job issues. • This can lead to gang culture and possibly gun crime. • But there are disadvantages for the country containing the megacity – it acts as a magnet for all resources, economic activity – making it a core (like a big magnet), and so creates a periphery around them – an area of deprivations as it e little investment or improved services. *What is the informal economy?

19. One last mention of cites(and a new one on me, BTW) • A global or a world city – this has no minimum size - thus far 31 have been so defined. • They have high status as • Economic world centres – have important stock exchanges, banking centres etc • Politically they are most often capital cities and are often centres of political organisations e.g UN, World Bank • Transport hubs, air road and rail • Cultural centres – big theatre, museums etc

20. A map showing world/global cities

21. One last part to the first section • Environmental quality survey – if this is done in conjunction with a land-use survey, then you will need to decide on a route from the CBD to the suburbs that crosses different land-use types, and assessing where the environmental quality surveys are taken needs consideration. • If it is combined with a transect or done on its own, you need to ensure variety of sites – so use of google maps in as much detail as possible is a good idea. • Next will be the construction of the survey – do not be fooled into using the pdf I sent you too closely BTW!! • See over for one of their better examples – see if you can see why I am not happy!

22. Any thoughts? • What should have been done?

23. So planning …. • Decide on hypothesis – e.g. that the further you are from the CBD, the higher the EQ score will be. • Decide on sites/route for survey using secondary sources – google • Acquire route map to log sources • From health and safety, decide who to go with – so allowing 2 surveys per site – give more reliable results that way • Decide on survey criteria and scoring system – classify in groups eg buildings, traffic, roads and then into sub-criteria, and say how you would score • Reproduce enough copies of survey to use

24. If you have used -3 to +3 say – horizontal bar charts are good How about a scatter diagram, totally score with distance from CBD? New Clean Well kept Wide Quit Old Dirty Neglected Narrow Noisy Buildings Roads Displaying data You need 2 ways to show different things – sketch will do

25. I am sure that there will be more ideas later – but you get the idea? Mean time, we can start next week’s section

26. Week 15 Key idea 2: The urban environment is characterised by the segregation of different land uses and of people of different economic status and ethnic background. • Factors encouraging similar land uses to concentrate in particular parts of the urban area (eg locational needs, accessibility, land values). • Reasons for, and consequences of, the segregation of different socioeconomic and ethnic groups. • Shanty towns (squatter communities): location, growth, problems and mitigating strategies (including self-help). • Land use transects plotting (fieldwork opportunity) • A case study of one city to show the land use patterns and the distribution of social/ethnic groups. • where was this? • A case study of shanty town management in a LIC city. • where was this?

27. Look at any built up area and … • You will find a number of recurring features • A CBD (Central Business District) • A variety of residential districts • Small shopping centres (or parades) • Industry etc. • See over

28. Brecon aka InterHigh weekend But why are they not all jumbled up together?

29. The main reason is the cost of land or the urban land market. • Any resource will be sold to the highest bidder. In this case, the type of development that will make the best use of the site. • Shops make the most economic sense, and shop do best where they have a ready market that access them easily – where main roads cross and near the middle of an urban settlement – then no-one is too far away – so this means that land in these areas will fetch the most, and consequently these area are said to be at a peak land-value intersection. Other smaller value peaks occur elsewhere – alongside the golf course for example.

30. Similar activities cluster together because … • They have the same location needs – close to main roads, space to spread (industry & warehousing for example) • They can afford similar land values • So retailing, offices cluster around the centre together with other commercial services, e.g. entertainment. • Land is cheaper towards the outer ring, so houses become more spacious.

31. A whole data set for cities created by Bill Rankin Red is white Blue is black Orange is Hispanic And any green you can see is Asian! Segregation by ethnic origin in the USA - Miami http://www.flickr.com/photos/walkingsf/sets/72157624812674967/detail/?page=3

32. Why does segregation by ethnic groups occur? • The textbook has a neat table that shows many of the reasons why this occurs. • They call the factors ‘internal’ [i.e. those due to behaviour of the ethnic group] • And ‘external’ [i.e. due to behaviour of the resident majority]

33. Internal factors Mutual support – family shops, religion etc Encouraging friendship/marriage within their group – reducing outside influence Protection against antagonistic behaviour Increasing political influence Use of native language Base for militants External factor Migration of local people away from ethnic concentrations Job discrimination leads to low pay from ethnic workers, forcing them into areas of cheap housing Discrimination by those people who rent/sell houses to stop ethnic groups moving out of ghettos Social hostility from major population Violence against ethnic minorities or fear of violence Factors encouraging ethnic segregation in cities

34. A case study of one city to show the land use patterns and the distribution of social/ethnic groups. Manchester

35. We looked at this in Manchester • Recall the transect from the CBD of Manchester right out as far as Didsbury • Watch out for the internationally famous curry mile – see the knife and fork on the map • Please explore esp now google maps has street level all the way! • http://maps.google.co.uk/maps/ms?hl=en&ie=UTF8&msa=0&msid=114294639013811556926.00046fa36e0cfa8e7cc73&z=12

36. We also explored ethnicity in Manchester

37. These 2 represent positive aspects to concentration of ethnic groups Where are these 2 pictures taken?

38. Problems in Manchester from ethic concentrations • Which groups are involved in these activities? 'Gunchester'

39. We also looked at economic segregation • Historically in HICs, houses are of better quality the further out you move. • We looked at the reason for this – • the concentration of businesses that was near the centre, • with the older industry grouped around it, for access to the railway for example for transportation, • the poor housing for the workers was nearby to allow people to walk to work • And increasingly better housing the further out from the centre you went.

40. CBD; zone of transition; lower, middle, upper class housing – which is which and where? • Central Manchester, Rusholme, Fallowfield, Withington, Didsbury,

41. We also looked at economic segregation • But some changes have, as you may have noticed been made • The zone of transition where old industry and housing is being replaced by universities, museums and other commercial and non commercial enterprises – TV studios, entertainment etc. • But remember too, after the initial growth of urbanisation, then there is the process of urbanising the suburbs – the movement outwards of low and middle value housing, in-filling between the ‘places’ – with their huge gardens and space for servants – where there were council estates built post WW2 to house those displaced as the inner-city slums were knocked down.

42. Colshaw Farm Estate • An overspill from central Manchester built in the 1960s • But we come back to that again in the next week or 2.

43. But we need to move on to look at Shanty towns Shanty towns (squatter communities): location, growth, problems and mitigating strategies (including self-help). A case study of shanty town management in a LIC city.

44. Just one point tho’ • Those of you who have and use the book, I feel they have been just plain lazy over the example they have used of Sao Paulo. • The specification says: • A case study of shanty town management in a LIC city. • The chief examiner and co-author of the book did say that he accepted that Brazil would rightly be unhappy about being used as an example on an LIC. • The reason why Sao Paulo has been used, is clearly, that it is a straight lift out of the textbook for the old exam! • So while if you use that you could not be faulted

45. Landuse in HICs – different models Burgess Multi-nuclear Hoyt

46. The central business district is still at the centre But this time much of the nicer housing in grouped around it, so that they have access for all the shops and cinemas and banks and offices. In addition, more nice housing takes over the best land spreading outwards along a hillside or close to a beautiful part of town. The industry needs good transport so tends to develop in wedges along the main routes to the city. People who moved to the town for work early on built houses for themselves or it was provided as social housing when the city growth was much slower. These areas tend to have most of the essential services such as clean water and sanitation and roads. Newer shanties Older developed shanties High cost housing LIC/MIC urban areas are different - A bit of explanation

47. But once urbanisation really took off, people arrived from the rural areas, made shacks wherever they could, often in areas prone to flooding for example or subject to other forms of pollution that no-one else wanted, using whatever materials were around. They lacked paved roads and fresh water or any of the other main services, like schools and health care. It is in the outer shanty towns that you find most of problems shown in the diagram, (see over). But MICs/LICs the pattern of land use is different

49. The poor housing, lack of fresh water and sanitation, no electricity and unmade up roads are obvious problems. • Why did they occur? The people arrived faster than the city could cope – and in the early days, many cities were unwilling to try too hard. • Then there was employment issues. • The migrants from rural areas thought that they would be much better off in the city, where there were lots of well-paid jobs – or so they believed. • However, while there were jobs for the trained and educated, these rural people lacked the skills to make them employable in any of the available roles. • So they are often left trying scratch a living from the informal economy (jobs that do not appear on government statistics and are often very hard and can be dangerous as there is no legal protection) as street vendors and cleaners or working in sweatshops down to picking up rubbish to recycle from the city tips.

50. Some could not make enough feed their families and so turned to crime, pick-pocketing in the CBD or prostitution or dealing drugs. • Hence crime was a big problem in some of the shanty towns. • As we have mentioned there are few made-up roads in this area so public transport has to manage with narrow, muddy rutted roads. • Once the buses are on their way into the city, the roads are crammed with every sort of vehicle wanting to get into the centre - congestions and polluted air are common place. • However, this has become a major issue for the UN Millennium goals. • Also the countries themselves see it in their own interests to have a healthier, better educated, law abiding population, and while such an enormous problem cannot be solved overnight, by joining with the people in these areas, a lot has been achieved, in some areas at least. We will look at some examples of this in a later section.