Chapter 8

1. Chapter 8 Section 1 The Drive for Reform

2. 1865 – METHODIST MINISTER • WILLIAM BOOTH OPENED A • STREETCORNER MISSION IN • THE SLUMS OF LONDON • THIS WAS THE BEGINNING OF • THE SALVATION ARMY • BY 1889 THE SALVATION ARMY • MADE IT TO NEW YORK • SENT “SLUM SISTERS” TO • TENEMENTS – THEY WERE • DEDICATED TO HELPING THE • POOR

3. PROBLEMS LED TO • PROGRESSIVISM • -PROGRESSIVES BELIEVED • NEW IDEAS AND • HONEST EFFICIENT • GOVERNMENT COULD • BRING SOCIAL CHANGE • IDEAS HAD • LASTING AFFECT – • STILL AFFECT SOCIETY • TODAY

4. INDUSTRIALIZATION, • URBANIZATION AND • IMMIGRATION – • BROUGHT MANY BENEFITS • TO AMERICA BUT ALSO • CAUSED SOCIAL PROBLEMS

5. Origins of Progressivism • THE PROGRESSIVE MOVEMENT WAS MADE UP BY PEOPLE FROM ALL POLITICAL PARTIES, SOCIAL CLASSES, ETHNIC GROUPS AND RELIGIONS • PROGRESSIVE LEADERS EMERGED FROM THE GROWING MIDDLE CLASS – THE RICH JOINED BECAUSE THEY WANTED TO HELP SOCIETY

6. Progressive Beliefs • INDUSTRIALIZATION AND URBANIZATION HAD CREATED SOCIAL AND POLITICAL PROBLEMS • WANTED STATE LEGISLATURES AND THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT TO PASS LAWS TO ADDRESS ISSUES OF THE POOR - –ANY MOTIVATED BY RELIGION WANTED SOCIAL JUSTICE

7. Progressive Beliefs cont. • PROGRESSIVE MOVEMENT WAS SIMILAR TO THE POPULIST MOVEMENT: • BOTH WANTED REFORM MOVEMENT T O • GET RID OF CORRUPT GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS • BOTH WANTED THE GOVERNMENT TO BE MORE RESPONSIVE TO PEOPLE’S • NEEDS • 3. BOTH SOUGHT TO ELIMINATE THE ABUSED OF BIG • BUSINESS

8. PROGRESSIVE MOVEMENT WAS ALSO DIFFERENT FROM THE POPULIST MOVEMENT: • PROGRESSIVES WERE MIDDLECLASS PEOPLE WHO BELIEVED EDUCATED LEADERS SHOULD USE MODERN IDEAS AND SCIENTIFIC TECHNIQUES TO IMPROVE SOCIETY • MOST LEADERS OF THE POPULIST MOVEMENT WERE FARMERS AND WORKERS

9. Targeted Problems • FOR PROGRESSIVE • WOMEN THE MAIN GOAL • WAS TO WIN THE RIGHT • TO VOTE • OTHERS BELIEVED • HONEST GOVERNMENT • WAS THE MOSTIMPORTANT • GOAL

10. REFORMERS TARGETED CITY OFFICIALS WHO BUILT CORRUPT ORGANIZATIONS CALLED: • POLITICAL MACHINES • -BOSSES USED BRIBERY AND VIOLENCE TO INFLUENCE VOTERS AND WIN ELECTIONS • – ALSO HELPED SOLVE PERSONAL PROBLEMS WHICH KEPT THE PEOPLE LOYAL

11. CORRUPT AND INEFFECTIVE GOVERNMENT COMBINED WITH THE BOOMING GROWTH OF CITIES PRODUCED PROBLEMS • PEOPLE NEEDED: • 1. PAVED STREETS • 2. SAFE DRINKING WATER • 3. DECENT HOUSING • 4. ADEQUATE MUNICIPAL • SERVICES

12. LACK OF SERVICES LED TO TERRIBLE LIVING CONDITIONS FOR THE URBAN POOR

13. MIDDLE CLASS PROGRESSIVES WANTED THE GOVERNMENT TO BUST TRUSTS AND CREATE MORE ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES FOR SMALL BUSINESSES • RELIGIOUS PROGRESSIVES WANTED TO REDUCE THE GAP BETWEEN THE RICH AND THE POOR

14. PROGRESSIVES WANTED TO: • DO SOMETHING ABOUT THE HARSH • CONDITIONS FOR PEOPLE WORKING IN MINES AND FACTORIES • HELP THE PEOPLE LIVING IN THE CITY • SLUMS BY GETTING THEM BETTER LIVING CONDITIONS • HAVE SOCIAL WELFARE LAWS TO HELP • CHILDREN • HAVE GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS TO • AID WORKERS AND CONSUMERS

15. MUCKRAKERS • MUCKRAKERS WERE SOCIALLY CONSCIOUS JOURNALISTS AND WRITERS WHO DRAMATIZED THE NEED FOR REFORM • WROTE REPORTS THAT SENSATIONALIZED THE ILLS OF SOCIETY IN THE EARLY 1900S • TEDDY ROOSEVELT CAME UP WITH THE NAME

16. LINCOLN STEFFENS – EDITOR OF MCCLURE’S MAGAZINE MCCLURE’S MAGAZINE WAS KNOWN FOR UNCOVERING SOCIAL PROBLEMS: – PUBLISHED THE SHAME OF CITIES – INCLUDED ARTICLES ABOUT POLITICAL CORRUPTION AND HOW IT AFFECTED ALL ASPECTS OF LIFE IN A CITY

17. PHOTOGRAPHER FOR THE NEW YORK EVENING SUN – PHOTOGRAPHED THE CROWDED, RAT-INFESTED TENEMENT BUILDINGS – PUBLISHED HOW THE OTHER HALF LIVES

18. IDA TARBELL • WROTE THE HISTORY OF • THE STANDARD OIL COMPANY • ABOUT HOW JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER • USED RUTHLESS METHODS TO • RUIN HIS COMPETITORS, CHARGE • HIGH PRICES AND MAKE HUGE • PROFITS

19. NOVELS • NOVELISTS • DEVELOPED NATURALIST NOVEL • THAT PORTRAYED HUMAN MISERY AND • STRUGGLES OF COMMON PEOPLE • Theodore Dreiserwrote • Sister Carrie • TRACED THE FATE OF A SMALL TOWN GIRL DRAWN INTO THE BRUTAL URBAN WORLDS OR CHICAGO AND NEW YORK

20. FRANK NORRIS • – WROTE THE OCTOPUS • ABOUT THE • SOUTHERN PACIFIC • RAILROAD’S • STRANGLEHOLD ON • STRUGGLING • CALIFORNIA • FARMERS

21. UPTON SINCLAIR • WROTE THE JUNGLE • ABOUT IMMIGRANTS • WORKING IN CHICAGO’S • STOCKYARDS AND THE • UNSANITARY CONDITIONS IN • THE INDUSTRY (PAGE 220)

22. FRANCES ELLEN WATKINS • – WROTE IOLA LEROY • ABOUT THE STRUGGLES OF BLACK AMERICANS

23. REFORMING SOCIETY • MUCKRAKERS INCREASED SUPPORT FOR PROGRESSIVISM • – ACTIVISTS SUPPORTED LAWS TO IMPROVE LIVING • CONDITIONS, PUBLIC HEALTH AND SCHOOLS WALTER RAUSCHENBUSCH THOUGHT CHRISTIANITY SHOULD BE THE BASIS FOR SOCIAL REFORM – BLENDED IDEAS FROM GERMAN SOCIALISM AND AMERICAN PROGRESSIVISM IN A PLAN TO BUILD A BETTER SOCIETY

24. HE WROTE CHRISTIANITYAND THE SOCIAL CRISIS IN WHICH HE OUTLINED THE SOCIAL GOSPEL • – BY FOLLOWING THE • BIBLE’S TEACHINGS • ABOUT CHARITY AND • JUSTICE PEOPLE COULD • MAKE SOCIETY “THE • KINGDOM OF GOD”

25. SETTLEMENT HOUSES • SETTLEMENT HOUSES– WERE COMMUNITY • CENTERS THAT • PROVIDED SOCIAL • SERVICES TO THE • URBAN POOR

26. SETTLEMENT HOUSES: • GAVE MOTHERS CLASSES • IN CHILDCARE • TAUGHT ENGLISH TO • IMMIGRANTS • RAN NURSERY SCHOOLS • AND KINDERGARTENS • PROVIDED THEATER, ART • AND DANCE • PROGRAMFOR ADULTS

27. JANE ADDAMS • – BECAME A LEADING • FIGURE IN THE • SETTLEMENT HOUSE • MOVEMENT • – OPENED THE HULL • HOUSE IN CHICAGO • IN 1889

28. CHILDREN AND EDUCATION • FLORENCE KELLEY • – LAWYER WHO HELPED • CONVINCE THE STATE OF • ILLINOIS TO BAN CHILD LABOR • – HELPED FORM THE NATIONAL • CHILD LABOR COMMITTEE • WHICH SUCCESSFULLY LOBBIED • THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT TO • CREATE THE U.S. CHILDREN’S • BUREAU • – EXAMINED ANY ISSUE THAT • AFFECTED THE HEALTH AND • WELFARE OF CHILDREN

29. 1916 – CONGRESS PASSED THE KEATING-OWENS ACT WHICH BANNED CHILD LABOR • – SUPREME COURT RULED • THIS UNCONSTITUTIONAL • – CONGRESS DID NOT END • CHILD LABOR UNTIL 1938

30. STATES PASSED LAWS THAT REQUIRED CHILDREN TO ATTEND SCHOOL UNTIL A CERTAIN AGE • DEBATED ABOUT WHAT • SHOULD BE TAUGHT • SOME WANTED THETEACHING OF • WORKSKILLS • OTHERS WANTED TOTEACH • LITERATURE ANDMUSIC • ALSO MOST AGREED THAT • GIRLS SHOULD LEARN • DIFFERENT THINGS FROM • BOYS

31. INDUSTRIAL WORKERS • EARLY 1900S THE U.S. HAD THE HIGHEST RATE OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS IN THE WORLD • LONG HOURS, POOR VENTILATION, HAZARDOUS FUMES AND UNSAFE MACHINERY THREATENED THE HEALTH AND LIVES OF THE WORKERS

32. TRIANGLE SHIRTWAIST FIRE • FACTORY IN NEW YORK CITY – KILLED 146 WORKERS • – MOSTLY YOUNG JEWISH • WOMEN • – MANY JUMPED FROM • WINDOWS TO THEIR DEATHS • FIRE CAUSED NEW YORK TO • PASS LAWS TO MAKE • WORKPLACES SAFER

33. PROGRESSIVE ELECTION REFORM • DIRECT PRIMARY – AN ELECTION IN WHICH CITIZENS VOTE TO SELECT NOMINEES FOR UPCOMING ELECTIONS • INITIATIVE – GAVE PEOPLE THE POWER TO PUT A PROPOSED NEW LAW DIRECTLY ON THE BALLOT IN THE NEXT ELECTION BY COLLECTING CITIZENS’ SIGNATURES ON A PETITION • REFERENDUM – ALLOWED CITIZENS TO APPROVE OR REJECT LAWS PASSED BY A LEGISLATURE

34. RECALL • – GAVE VOTERS THE • POWERTO REMOVE • PUBLIC SERVANTS FROM • OFFICE BEFORE THEIR • TERMS END • SEVENTEENTH AMENDMENT • – DIRECT ELECTION OF • SENATORSBY THE VOTERS • – BEFORE THEY WERE • VOTED ON INTHE STATE • LEGISLATURES