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Miami Urban League Report Card on Black America

Miami Urban League Report Card on Black America. 2010: Where we stand. The Report Card. Where does Black America stand when it comes to the major indicators of “quality of life?” Educational opportunity Jobs and income security Crime & safety Family stability Health & access to care.

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Miami Urban League Report Card on Black America

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  1. Miami Urban League Report Card on Black America 2010: Where we stand

  2. The Report Card • Where does Black America stand when it comes to the major indicators of “quality of life?” • Educational opportunity • Jobs and income security • Crime & safety • Family stability • Health & access to care 1

  3. Is it the best of times? • The country elected its first Black president. • 65% of Blacks voted in 2008. • 83% of Blacks 25 and older have at least a high school diploma and 20% have at least a Bachelor’s degree. • 2.5 million Blacks were in college in 2008, double the number 15 years earlier. • Oprah, LeBron, Jay Z and others symbolize rising Black wealth. 2

  4. … or the worst of times? • The gains of suburban Blacks have not been matched in the urban core. • Black children are falling behind in education. • Blacks are far more likely to be unemployed than their White peers. • Blacks are far more likely to die of treatable diseases, and preventable ones like AIDS. • Blacks are far more likely to come in contact with the criminal justice system than their White peers. 3

  5. Education Falling into the gap

  6. A young population • The Black population of the U.S. as of July 1, 2008: 41.1 million • 31% were younger than 18 (compared to 25% of all Americans) • Just 8% were 65 and older • The youth of the Black community compounds the risk and the opportunity. When young people fail, the community falters. 5

  7. The achievement gap • 56 years after Brown vs. the Board of Education, Black students continue to face significant barriers to achievement, and sizable gaps in their performance versus everybody else. 6

  8. The achievement gap (cont’d) • On average, Black and Latino students are two to three years of learning behind White students of the same age. • 48 percent of Black and 43 percent of Hispanic fourth and eighth graders are “below basic” in reading and math, versus 17 percent of Whites. Source: McKinsey & Company, National Assessment of Educational Progress 7

  9. The graduation gap • Nearly one in three high school students in the U.S. fails to graduate high school on time. • An estimated 1.2 million students drop out each year – an average of 7,000 every school day, or one every 26 seconds. • On average, only 50 percent of Black and Hispanic students complete high school on time and receive a diploma. Source: America’s Promise Alliance, “Cities In Crisis 2009” report 8

  10. A 2007 Johns Hopkins University study found that: • 1,642 of the nation’s 13,743 high schools (about 1 in 8) could be classified as “drop-out factories” • Schools graduating less than 60% of the freshmen within four years • That means for every 10 freshmen attending these schools, 4 will drop out by their senior year. Source: Center for the Social Organization of Schools, Johns Hopkins University 9

  11. The Johns Hopkins researchers found that: • More than 1 in 3 Black and Hispanic students attend a “dropout factory”: • 38 percent of Black students • 33 percent of Hispanic students Source: Alliance for Excellent Education, Center for the Social Organization of Schools, Johns Hopkins University 10

  12. The results are clear • Just 13% of all U.S. schools (the “dropout factories”) produce 51% of all of the nation’s dropouts. • These schools are responsible for: • 73 percent of all Black dropouts • 66 percent of all Hispanic dropouts • 81 percent of all Native American dropouts Source: Alliance for Excellent Education, Center for the Social Organization of Schools, Johns Hopkins University 11

  13. Crisis in the urban core • In 16 of America’s 50 largest cities, the principal school district has a graduation rate below 50%. • Main school district graduation rates: Indianapolis (31%), Cleveland (34%), Detroit (38%), Milwaukee (41%), Baltimore (41%), Atlanta (44%), Los Angeles (44%), Las Vegas (45%), and Columbus (45%). • The graduation gap between urban and suburban schools in these cities was as high as 43% (Cleveland), 39% (Baltimore), 38% (Columbus), 35% (Milwaukee) and 33% (Nashville). • 77% of suburban students in the 50 largest cities graduate on time versus 59% of urban students. Source: America’s Promise Alliance, “Cities In Crisis 2009” report 12

  14. The racial gap Graduation Rates by State & Race, 2007 (%) In five states where the Black graduation rate was below 50 percent in 2007, the average “graduation gap” between White and Black students was 32.8%. Source: Alliance for Excellent Education 13

  15. Florida’s graduation gap • In Florida, approximately 81% of White Students graduate from high school on time, compared to 66 percent of Hispanics and 58 percent of Blacks. • 8 of the state’s estimated 163 “dropout factories” are located in a single, majority Black school district in Miami-Dade County. Source: Florida Department of Education, Center for the Social Organization of Schools, Johns Hopkins University 14

  16. Miami’s “dropout factories” Miami’s two majority-Black school Districts (1 and 2) have the fewest “A” rated schools, and District 2 is home to 8 of the county’s 13 “F” schools. 13% of District 2 schools are rated “F”, while just 23% are rated “A”. Percentage of District schools rated “A” Percentage of District schools rated “F” Source: Urban League of Greater Miami, Miami-Dade Public Schools 15

  17. Resources, not race • The McKinsey and other studies have found that the achievement gap is not about race, it’s about resources. • Black students are more likely to live in lower income communities, with fewer property tax dollars for school funding; • Urban and lower income school districts have difficulty attracting the highest quality teachers; • Black and urban students are more likely to be taught by less inexperienced, lower paid instructors than their White and suburban peers. 16

  18. The parent factor More than 30 years of research have shown that the level of parental involvement is more important to academic achievement than family income, parental education level, racial, ethnic or cultural background. More parental involvement means less absenteeism, more homework completion, higher grades and test scores, higher high school graduation rates and increased college enrollment. Source: Center for Law and Education, Institute for Responsive Education 17

  19. Education and priorities • For many parents in the urban core, non-traditional work hours, stress, one-parent households, lack of information, lack of access to homework help, computers and other resources, and a community environment that devalues education all can negatively impact parental involvement. • When that happens, Black children suffer. 18

  20. Charter schools growing • A study by the Civil Rights Project at UCLA finds increasing numbers of parents in struggling school systems turning to charter schools. • In Washington D.C., 61% of the District’s 46,000 students attend charter schools. • 84 percent of the District’s charter school students are Black, versus 78 percent in regular public schools. • Nationally, in 2008, Black students made up a third of charter school enrollment -- twice their share in public schools. Source: “Study: Charter school growth accompanied by racial imbalance” Washington Post article by Nick Anderson, 2/2/2010 19

  21. College completion • Even when Black students make it to college, fewer than half get a diploma within six years. -- Source: "Graduation Rate Watch: Making Minority Student Success a Priority." • Even at the nation’s 83 HBCUs, just 37% of Black students get their degree within six years, according to an Associated press analysis. -- Source: USA Today, 3/30/2009 • At 38 HBCUs, the graduation rate for Black men is 25 percent or less. -- Source: USA Today, 3/30/2009 20

  22. It’s not just about civil rights • Education is the civil rights issue of the 21st Century. But closing the achievement gap is also an economic necessity for America. • If the U.S. had narrowed the performance gap between Black, Hispanic and White students between 1993 and 1998, U.S. GDP in 2008 would have been $310-$525 billion higher, adding 2 to 4 percent to our GDP. Source: McKinsey & Company study: “The Economic Impact of the Achievement Gap in America’s Schools” 21

  23. Closing the gap matters to the whole country… • The Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) estimates that American 15 year-olds perform at the level of students in Portugal and the Slovak Republic, well below countries like Canada, the Netherlands, Australia or South Korea. Source: McKinsey & Company study: “The Economic Impact of the Achievement Gap in America’s Schools” 22

  24. The U.S. ranks 25th in math & science Source: McKinsey & Company study: “The Economic Impact of the Achievement Gap in America’s Schools” 23

  25. The U.S. is no longer the best- educated country in the world • By far, the greatest factor in declining U.S. global educational standing is the gap between the proficiency of White and Black and Hispanic students. • 40 years ago, the U.S. had the world’s highest graduation rates. Now we’re 18th out of 24. • In 1995, the U.S. was first in college graduation rates. Today we’re 14th. Source: McKinsey & Company study: “The Economic Impact of the Achievement Gap in America’s Schools” 24

  26. … and it matters to individuals • Educational attainment is tied to: • lifetime earnings • health outcomes • higher instances of incarceration • civic participation • and other key indicators of quality of life 25

  27. The McKinsey Study found… • Eighth graders who scored in the top quartile in math had 40 percent higher medium income 12 years later. • A high school dropout is 5-to-8 times more likely to wind up behind bars. • A person without a high school diploma is more likely to smoke, to be obese, and to suffer poor health over their lifetime. • High school graduates are twice as likely to vote as dropouts, and college grads are 50 percent more likely to vote than high school graduates. Source: McKinsey & Company study: “The Economic Impact of the Achievement Gap in America’s Schools” 26

  28. Jobs and economic opportunity The wealth gap

  29. Black America’s “Great Recession” didn’t start in 2007 • Long before the “Great Recession” threw one in ten Americans out of work, Black America was suffering from high rates of joblessness. 28

  30. Disproportionate joblessness After falling during the 1990s, Black unemployment peaked at 17.3% in January, while the highest jobless rate for Whites was 9.7 percent (in February.) Source: U.S. Department of Labor 29

  31. Little improvement And while unemployment is slowly declining, Blacks remain out of work at nearly twice the rate for Whites. Source: U.S. Department of Labor 30

  32. Location, location… “…a large segment of the Black population has simply been hit harder than everyone else. That’s indisputable fact. There are a number of reasons. Many of the cities where Black Americans are concentrated are in the Rust Belt; St. Louis, Detroit, Cleveland, Buffalo, Baltimore. The jobs in the steel mills of Gary, Indiana and the auto plants of Flint,Michigan that made possible the American Dream for millions of Blacks and Whites in the 1950s and 60s are gone. “ “Black Unemployment Is Not News” article by Joel Dreyfuss, The Root 2/7/2010 31

  33. Black America is struggling • The median income for Black households was $34,218 in 2008, the lowest of any group. • A single Black woman with children had a median annual income of $25,958 in 2008. • “One in five Black families lives in poverty.” • Four out of 10 Black families headed by a single mother are poor. “Black Unemployment Is Not News” article by Joel Dreyfuss, The Root 2/7/2010, U.S. Census Bureau 32

  34. The “wealth gap” • Median net worth of a single White woman aged 36 to 49: $42,600 (about 61 percent of their White male counterparts) • Median wealth for a single Black woman aged 36 to 49: only $5 (that’s not a typo: $5!) • Median household wealth of all working age Black women 18 to 64: $100 (Hispanic women 18 to 64: $120) Source: Insight Center for Community Economic Development data, cited by Pittsburgh Post-Gazette 7/14/2010 33

  35. The “wealth gap” (cont’d) • Median wealth of married or cohabitating White women: $167,500 • Median wealth of married or cohabitating Black women: $31,500 • 46% of Black and 45% of Hispanic women have zero or negative net worth (vs. 23% of single White women) • 33% of Black and 38% of Hispanic men have zero or negative net worth (vs. 15% of single White men) Source: Insight Center for Community Economic Development data, cited by Pittsburgh Post-Gazette 7/14/2010 34

  36. Banking on our future? • A 2010 study by the Insight Center for Community Economic Development found that a quarter of Black and a third of Hispanic women have no relationship with a bank or other mainstream financial institution, making it harder to build wealth. Source: "Lifting As We Climb: Women of Color, Wealth and America's Future,” study by Mariko Lin Chang, Insight Center for Community Economic Development 35

  37. “Prey-day” lending • Lack of banking relationships makes Blacks more vulnerable to predatory lending, and more reliant on “non-traditional” sources like payday loans. • These loans carry interest rates of up to 200% 36

  38. Crime and community The “security gap”

  39. Crime and economics “Between 1993 and 2001, the Black violent crime rate declined by 60%.6 Between 1990 and 2004, the Black teen pregnancy rate declined by 46%. These improving trends have ended, and it is likely that the worsening economic conditions of African Americans since 2001 have played at least a partial role.” Higher poverty rates, lower graduation rates and rising joblessness are directly correlated with increases in crime. Source: Economic Policy Institute 38

  40. Incarceration nation • 2,297,400 Americans were in federal and state prisons or local jails by midyear 2008 • Of that total, Black men were incarcerated at 6.6 times the rate of White men. • One in 21 Black males was incarcerated at midyear 2008, versus one in 138 White males. • Black males (846,000) outnumbered White males (712,500) and Hispanic males (427,000) among inmates in prisons and jails. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics 39

  41. Incarceration nation • About 37% of male inmates at midyear 2008 were Black, down from 41% in 2000. • More than 333,000 Blacks were on parole as of year end 2009, making it hard to find a job. • Nearly 1 in 20 Black men is currently in prison. • Black American men have about a 1-in-3 chance of serving time in prison during their lifetime. 40

  42. Criminal injustice? • Studies show Black court defendants are: • More likely than White defendants to be represented by a public defender • Less likely to receive adjudication or a plea bargain • More likely to receive long or maximum sentences • More likely to receive the death penalty in murder cases • More likely as juveniles to receive adult sentences Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics 41

  43. The “war on drugs” • Of the 211,338 Americans currently serving time in federal prison, 57.9% are White, 38.5 % are Black, and 33% are Hispanics of varying race. • 93.5% are men. • 51.3% are incarcerated for drug offenses, versus 2.8% for homicide Source: Federal Bureau of Prisons 42

  44. Blacks are the primary victims of violent crime • In 2008, the crime rate against Blacks was 26 per 1,000 persons age 12 or older; versus 18 per 1,000 for Whites. • Blacks were victims of rape/sexual assault, robbery, and aggravated assault at rates higher than those for Whites. • In 2007, 49% of murder victims were Black, 47% were White, and 2% were Asians, Pacific Islander, and Native Americans.* *Includes Black and White Hispanics.Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics 43

  45. Black households Seeking stability

  46. Marriage inequality • While 50% of all Americans were married in 2008, the figure for Blacks was 30%, despite nearly identical divorce rates. • 47% of Black Americans have never been married, versus 30% of Whites. Source: U.S. Census Bureau 45

  47. Women heading households • 45.3% of Black women have never been married, versus 28% of White women. • 29.3% of Black households with children are headed by a single woman, versus 12.5% for White households. • 13.2% of Black households with children are headed by a married couple, versus 21.4% for White households. Source: U.S. Census Bureau 46

  48. Grandparenting • 6.2% of Black grandparents are living with their minor grandchildren, twice the share for Whites. • Of these, half are responsible for the children’s care. • Approximately 1.2 million Blacks (mostly women) are the primary caregivers for their grandkids. Source: U.S. Census Bureau 47

  49. Marriage and poverty • Single female-headed households are more likely to fall into poverty. In 2008, the poverty rate for Black households with children was 28.2% (versus 14.9% for Whites.) • The poverty rate for single female-headed Black households with children was 42.1% • The poverty rate for married-parent Black households with children was 8.3% Source: U.S. Census Bureau 48

  50. Health and access to care Unhealthy trends

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