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Chapter 6. The Phoenicians and the Hebrews 1200 B.C. to 510 B.C. Section 1 The Phoenicians Part of larger groups known as the Canaanites and Philistines. Lived : In the northern part of Canaan . The Phoenicians established a trade empire and colonies, throughout the Mediterranean.
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Chapter 6 The Phoenicians and the Hebrews 1200 B.C. to 510 B.C.
Section 1 The Phoenicians Part of larger groups known as the Canaanites and Philistines. Lived: In the northern part of Canaan. The Phoenicians established a trade empire and colonies, throughout the Mediterranean. Made Living: They traded several goods including glass and lumber (cedar). Goods: Their most important product was Tyrian purple, a dye made from boiling the Murex snail. Phoenician means “of purple merchants.” This purple dye was very difficult and expensive to produce; and was very valuable to the rich. Murex snail
The Growth of Trade • Since they settled along the coast, many decided to make a living from the sea. • Cedar forests provided wood for fast, strong ships. • Many Phoenician ships were traveling workshops. • Plotted courses by the sun and stars. • Some think they may have gone as far as India and North America.
Success in Trade • Phoenician traders recognized the value of agreements. • Established treaties, or agreements between different states, to keep peace with more powerful neighbors. • They promised free shipment of goods in return for a guarantee of Phoenician independence.
The Cities of Phoenicia • Never became a united country. • Grouping of city-states along what is now Lebanon. • Spoke the same language and practiced same religion. • Largest cities were Tyre, Byblos, Beirut, and Sidon. • Cities were crowded with artisans that were excellent wood and metal workers.
Gods and Goddesses • Believed in many gods associated with nature. • Built temples with a holy of holies, or most sacred chamber. • Sacrificed material goods and humans. • Believed in life after death. • At first, buried dead in clay urns. • Later, used Egyptian embalming techniques.
Carthage • Phoenicians built trading posts and colonies, or permanent settlements along North African coast. • Most famous was Carthage in what is now Tunisia. • Became a major trading power. • Ships may have gone as far north as Britain in search of tin.
The Phoenicians spread their alphabet throughout the Mediterranean • Their alphabet consisted of 22 letters, it did not have vowels. • Unlike many early alphabets which were made of pictograms, the Phoenician alphabet was phonic (based on sound). These sounds could be assembled to make words. • The Greeks eventually adopted this alphabet, which influenced the Latin Alphabet which we use today.
Section 2- History of the Hebrews • Early Hebrews were nomadic, or wandering herders or merchants. • They travelled from the city of Ur up through the Tigris-Euphrates Valley as far north Harran and into territory along the Mediterranean coast. • Traded with the Phoenicians, Egyptians, and Cretan merchants.
The God of Abraham • Abraham is seen as the Patriarch, or father, of Judaism as well as Christianity and Islam. • According to tradition Abraham is brought by God from his home in the ancient city of Ur into a new land, Canaan (the holy land), where he enters into a covenant (agreement) with God: in exchange for sole recognition of Yahweh as supreme universal authority, Abraham will be the father of a great nation. Abraham and all his descendants, or offspring, could always live in Canaan.
Abraham’s people settle in Canaan where they live for many years. • A famine falls on the area and many of the Hebrews go to Egypt, the breadbasket of the Mediterranean, seeking food. There they stay and grow in number and so they are enslaved by the Egyptians. Exodus • Moses was the leader of the Hebrew Exodus. The story is that God had to curse Egypt with 10 plagues in order for the Pharaoh (Ramses II) to free the Israelites.
10 Plagues • The Nile turned to blood • Frogs • Fleas and Lice • Flies • Epidemic disease which exterminated • the Egyptian livestock. • Boils • Storm (Hail) • Locusts • Darkness • Death of the first born son • (Passover Holiday comes from this event) • Moses receives the 10 Commandments from God and takes them out of Egypt where they wandered for 40 years. • According to the Torah, the Israelites disobeyed God and wandered the desert for 40 years before reaching the holy land- the promisedland. • The Jews believed in a just God, that required people to live and follow a code of social justice.
The Promised Land • Moses dies just before the Jews enter Canaan. • Joshua, a strong leader, rules the Hebrews until he dies. • The Jews lived in a dry land and used irrigation and water storage. • Most Hebrews became farmers and Sheppards.
Kings • After the death of Joshua, the 12 Hebrew tribes split apart. • Tribal councils ruled each tribe. • During times of war or crisis, a temporary leader called a judge, settled disputes between the tribes and led troops into battle. • In time, the Hebrews decided a king would be needed to unite them.
Famous Kings • Saul, the first king, ruled for several years, lost the people’s support and died in battle. • David, the second king, reunited the Hebrews, defeated the Canaanites, and established Jerusalem as the capital of the Hebrew Kingdom. • David wrote many of the psalms, or sacred songs. • Upon David’s death, his son Solomon became king. • When Solomon died, the Hebrews were divided into the northern kingdom of Israel, and a southern kingdom of Judah.
King Solomon 970-930 BCE • Solomon was known as the wisest king. • Expanded trade and treaties with neighboring countries. • Under the leadership of Solomon, • Israel reached the height of its power. • He built a great temple in Jerusalem which • became the focal point of the Jewish Religion. • The remains of this temple, now known as the • Western Wall or Wailing Wall are still a focal • point of the Jewish faith.
The Western (Wailing) Wall in Jerusalem • The most important of all Jewish monuments. • It is the remnants of the Temple of Solomon after its destruction by the Romans in 70 A.D.
The Prophets • Prophets, or persons claiming to have messages from God, appeared in Hebrew Kingdoms. • They warned that if they continued to sin and ignore God, they would be punished. • Both kingdoms continued to ignore the prophets. • The Assyriansdestroyed the kingdom of Israeland scattered the people in 722 B.C., these are known as the lost tribes of Israel. • Judea was destroyed by the Chaldeans and King Nebuchadnezzar in 586 B.C. The Judeans were forced into exile to Babylon.
The Babylonian Exile • While in Babylonia, the Judeans made changes and began to worship on the Sabbath, or day of rest. • After 70 years, they were allowed to return to Jerusalem. They rebuilt the temple and under a scribe named Ezra,they wrote down the laws of Moses in five books called the Torah. • Later, other writing were added to make the Old Testament.
Contributions • First people to believe in one god (monotheism) and founded Judaism. • They were made to believe that their God was the God of all peoples, not just them. • First to believe in a just God, and that all people and society should also be just. • Developed laws to teach people to treat one another fairly.
