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DNA & RNA

DNA & RNA. Replication & Transcription Central Dogma: DNA—RNA--Protein. Review DNA. What are some of the characteristics of DNA? (Think about structure and function). DNA. What makes up the code in DNA? If there is 40% Adenine, how much Guanine is present?

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DNA & RNA

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  1. DNA & RNA • Replication & Transcription • Central Dogma: DNA—RNA--Protein

  2. Review DNA • What are some of the characteristics of DNA? (Think about structure and function)

  3. DNA • What makes up the code in DNA? • If there is 40% Adenine, how much Guanine is present? • Compare and contrast hydrogen and covalent bonding in a DNA molecule. • Strands in opposite direction (anti-parallel)

  4. DNA Replication • What is the end result? • Identical copies of DNA • Mitosis

  5. DNA Replication • Occurs in the nucleus • Copies chromosomes • After “un-zipping”, strand serves as a template • Final result=1 new strand: 1 original

  6. DNA Replication

  7. Role of enzymes: • Helicase: breaks Hydrogen-bonds (H-bonds) • DNA Polymerase:attaches free nucleotides

  8. RNA • Why do we need RNA? • DNA is trapped in the nucleus • Where are proteins made? • The ribosomes • mRNA is literally a messenger • How do we make mRNA? • Compare and contrast DNA & RNA

  9. DNA Nucleotides (phosphate, deoxyribose, nitrogen bases) Adenine Guanine Cytosine Thymine Double Stranded(double helix) RNA Nucleotides (phosphate, ribose, nitrogen bases) Adenine Guanine Cytosine Uracil (Thymine gone) Single Stranded DNA & RNA

  10. Transcription • The process of making RNA using DNA as a template • How much of the DNA molecule is utilized? • Only a part • Occurs in the nucleus • Makes RNA

  11. Transcription • RNA polymerase bonds free nucleotides. • Creates a RNA molecule with free nucleotides (No Thymine..Uracil) • 3 types: • mRNA: messenger (This will later be translated into a polypeptide.) • rRNA: ribosomal (This will be used in the building of ribosomes: machinery for synthesizing proteins by translating mRNA.) • tRNA: transfer (RNA molecules that carry amino acids to the growing polypeptide.)

  12. Transcription continued… • RNA polymerase is used • Start and stop signals on the DNA strand • Complimentary base pairing • A-U & G-C • A T T G C C A T • U A A C G G U A

  13. Genetic Code • mRNA has a nucleotide sequence, taken from DNA strand • mRNA carrying a genetic message • Determines order of amino acids…which make up your proteins!!! • The genetic code consists of 64 triplets of nucleotides. These triplets are called codons on mRNA. • Each codon encodes for one of the 20 amino acids used in the synthesis of proteins • 3 exceptions: UAA, UAG, UGA = STOP • Start codon=methionine….AUG

  14. More Genetic Code

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