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The Rock Cycle

Analyzing how rocks are formed Presented by Austin Prater, III. The Rock Cycle. What’s so special about a rock?. Can you think of any ways rocks are used in your everyday life? Aren’t all rocks pretty much the same? How will knowing the types of rocks help me in the future?

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The Rock Cycle

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  1. Analyzing how rocks are formed Presented by Austin Prater, III The Rock Cycle

  2. What’s so special about a rock? • Can you think of any ways rocks are used in your everyday life? • Aren’t all rocks pretty much the same? • How will knowing the types of rocks help me in the future? • Did you know the all the rocks on Earth get recycled over time?

  3. Mass of Land, Sky, & Sea in kg

  4. State Goals • 12.11.82 Indicate that the earth's crust is made from mostly igneous and metamorphic materials and was formed as a result of partial melting of part of the mantle rock. Know that there is a thin layer of sedimentary rock on top in many places. • 12.11.87 Identify the properties of rocks and minerals based on the physical and chemical conditions in which they are formed, including plate tectonic processes. • 12.E.4aExplain how external and internal energy sources drive Earth processes (e.g., solar energy drives weather patterns; internal heat drives plate tectonics).

  5. Learning Objectives After this unit’s activities students should be able to: • Identify the 3 types of rocks based on their physical characteristics • Describe the processes involved with the formation of the types of rock • Classify samples of rocks based on their features and informational tables

  6. The Rock Cycle

  7. Here is another version of the Rock Cycle

  8. IGNEOUS ROCKS • Form by solidification (crystallization) of melted minerals • At the surface, LAVA hardens to form EXTRUSIVE rocks with tiny (FINE-GRAINED) crystals or GLASSY (no crystal) TEXTURES • Beneath the surface, MAGMA hardens to form INTRUSIVE rocks with easily visible (COARSE-GRAINED) crystal texture.

  9. Granite • Light-colored, coarse- grained, no pattern • Mostly quartz, feldspar, mica, and hornblende • Often used for buildings and monuments

  10. Basalt • Dark-colored, fine- grained, extrusive • Formed where lava erupted onto surface • Most widespread igneous rocks • Found locally in the Palisades along west shore of Hudson River, Connecticut River valley

  11. Gabbro • Dark-colored, coarse- grained intrusive • Similar composition to basalt—plagioclase feldspar with some pyroxene and olivine

  12. Obsidian • Natural volcanic glass • Forms when lava cools very quickly • Usually dark, but small pieces may be clear • Fractures along curved (conchoidal) surface • Used as spear and arrow points, knives http://www.volcanoworld.org/vwdocs/vwlessons/lessons/Slideshow/Igrocks/Igrock7.html

  13. Light colored, frothy (many air spaces) Same minerals as in granite, but finer in grain size Pumice and other igneous rocks

  14. Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary rocks may be made of rock fragments—sediments—or by chemical reactions. The classification of sediments is shown below. http://www.volcanoworld.org/vwdocs/vwlessons/lessons/Sedrocks/Sedrocks6.html

  15. Clastic rocks–made of cemented sediments—are classified by their grain sizes.

  16. Non-clastic rocks form by chemical precipitation (settling out from a solution.) Limestone is made from calcite, chert from quartz, and halite is rock salt.

  17. Biologic sedimentary rocks come from the remains of organic matter. • The most important of these is coal. Anthracite coal results from the greatest pressure and releases the most energy when burned. Other varieties are bituminous and lignite. “Petrified” (permineralized) wood is another organic rock.

  18. More about sedimentary rocks • Shale is the most common sedimentary rock • Sedimentary rocks cover about three-quarters of the land surface

  19. Metamorphic Rocks • Formed by heat and pressure changing existing rocks • REGIONAL METAMORPHIC affects a large area and results from plate tectonics • CONTACT METAMORPHISM affects rocks on a local scale, such as “baking” sedimentary rocks next to magma or lava

  20. “Foliated” rocks contain much mica and other rocks that produce layering or banding Gneisses and schists are examples of layering within rocks

  21. Non-foliated metamorphic rocks include marble, which comes from limestone, and quatzite, which comes from sandstone

  22. Illinois layers of rock

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