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(Photo Credit: Airman 1st Class Nadine Y. Barclay, US Air Force)

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE SUSTAINABILITY. (Photo Credit: Airman 1st Class Nadine Y. Barclay, US Air Force). National Security. Energy Security. Economic Security. Environmental Security.

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(Photo Credit: Airman 1st Class Nadine Y. Barclay, US Air Force)

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  1. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE SUSTAINABILITY (Photo Credit: Airman 1st Class Nadine Y. Barclay, US Air Force)

  2. National Security Energy Security Economic Security Environmental Security • “Energy has emerged as a dominant factor in the 21st century battle space. Inefficiency is a significant liability, a constraint on operations, and a significant force protection challenge.” • Under Secretary of Defense Kenneth Krieg, April 2007 • A concerted effort in improving energy security will pay great dividends in making the nation safer, more prosperous, and more environmentally responsible *Graphic inspired by McGee, Mike. U.S. Air Force Energy Program Presentation (October 19, 2009). *Under Secretary of Defense Kenneth Krieg. Official Memo, “Fully Burdened Cost of Fuel Pilot Program.” (April 10, 2007)

  3. Consumption • At 1,105 trillion BTUs in FY 2007, The Department of Defense is the single largest consumer of energy in the United States • A BTU (British thermal unit) is the amount of energy needed to heat one pound of water, one degree Fahrenheit. • “BTUs are to energy what calories are to food” • A typical car in the United States consumes 68.7 million BTUs on an annual basis • DOD consumption is equivalent to the combined consumption of an extra16,397,380 cars on the road every year *Energy Information Agency, “Energy in Brief: What everyone should know about energy,” EIA. (March 12, 2009): http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/energy_in_brief/comparing_energy_consumption.cfm *FY 2008 total DOD consumption= 1,126.5 trillion BTUs. 68.7 million BTUs/car into 1,126.5 trillion BTUs = 16,387,380 cars. *(Photo Credit: Chan, Benny. “Traffic!” Series: http://www.good.is/post/picture-show-traffic/)

  4. DOD consumption ranks higher than 17 different states and the District of Columbia, and 54th in the world, when compared to national totals *State consumption figures from DOE/EIA, State Energy Consumption Estimates 1960 – 2007, data includes source estimated consumption for DOD facilities

  5. World Energy Consumption (Quadrillion BTUs) *National data from DOE/EIA, International Energy Statistics: http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/cfapps/ipdbproject/IEDIndex3.cfm; DOD data from Annual Energy Management Reports: http://www.acq.osd.mil/ie/energy/energymgmt_report/main.shtml; except for the U.S., data on total primary energy consumption does not include biomass and waste, geothermal, and solar energy not used for electricity generation

  6. The US Air Force alone accounted for 3.8 billion gallons of jet fuel consumption last year, or fully 10% of the entire domestic market *Data from FY 2008 DOD Annual Energy Management Report; includes all facilities (measured site-delivered), tactical, and domestic fleet fuels that account for at least 0.1% of total consumption

  7. Costs • To fill the 450,000 gallon fuel tank on the Navy’s DDG-51 (Arleigh Burke class) destroyer today costs $643,000 • Down from $1.8 million during last summer • Marine Corps General James Conway- the fully burdened cost of fuel in Iraq and Afghanistan can range from $1.04/gallon up to $400/gallon • Rear Admiral Phillip Cullom, from Grant, Greg. “Navy Launches Green Hornet,” DOD Buzz (October 14, 2009): http://www.dodbuzz.com/2009/10/14/navy-launches-green-hornet/ and Chavanne, Bettina H. “Marine Corps Pushes for Energy Efficiency,” Aviation Week (October 15, 2009)

  8. *All figures from DOD Annual Energy Management Reports *Total tactical fuel usage includes auto gasoline, diesel-distillate, LPG/propane, aviation gasoline, jet fuel, navy special, and 'other'

  9. Legislation Federal Energy Legislation: • Executive Order 13123 (1999) • Energy Policy Act of 2005 • Energy Independence & Security Act of 2007 • Executive Order 13423 (2007) • U.S. Senate and House Resolutions in 2007 • Defense Authorization Acts • Executive Order, Federal Leadership in Environmental, Energy and Economic Performance (October 2009)

  10. Energy Management • By 2017, the USAF will acquire 50% of aviation fuel requirement via an alternative fuel blend • All Federal agencies must reduce energy intensity by 3% annually • 30% by 2015, relative to 2003 baseline • All new Federal buildings will achieve energy consumption levels at least 30% below ASHRAE Standard levels • Each Federal agency must generate an annual energy management report and establish and report a percentage reduction target for reducing agency-wide GHG emissions • All Federal agencies must reduce petroleum consumption by domestic fleet 20% by FY 2020, relative to baseline of FY 2005 * Lucchino, Carla. USMC Energy Efforts and Challenges Presentation (October 19, 2009): http://www.energyconversation.org/conversation/presentation/presentation-us-military-energy-strategies-carla-e-lucchino; intensity is consumption per square foot *ASHRAE- American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, http://www.ashrae.org/ *DOD Consumption includes total ‘source’ estimated data for facilities energy

  11. Water Management • All Federal agencies must reduce potable water consumption intensity by 2% annually • 26% by 2020, relative to 2007 baseline • Renewable Energy • 7.5% of all electricity consumed will be generated from renewable sources by 2013 • 25% by 2025 *Lucchino, Carla. USMC Energy Efforts and Challenges; intensity is consumption per square foot *Renewable energy consumption data is for Goal-Subject Facilities only; from DOD Annual Energy Management Reports

  12. DOD Projects • Nellis Air Force Base, NV • Generates 14 MW, largest solar array in the Americas • Dyess Air Force Base, TX and Fairchild Air Force Base, WA • Both procure nearly 100% of electricity from renewable sources • Fort Irwin, CA • Recently announced the leasing of land for private development of a 500 MW solar facility • China Lake Geothermal Plant, CA • Generates 270 MW • Marine Corps Commandant- improving energy efficiency is a top priority and their objective for bases is reaching ‘net zero.’ • Service runs nearly 100 projects with $79 million invested, including wave and solar projects *(Photo Credit: US Department of Energy) *Chavanne, Bettina H. “Marine Corps Pushes for Energy Efficiency,” Aviation Week (October 15, 2009)

  13. USAF recognized as one of top renewable energy consumers in nation, as one of the EPA’s Green Power Partners • Navy Secretary Mabus announces creation of ‘Great Green Fleet’ concept, October 2009 • Navy will be able to demonstrate the tech in 2012 and field in 2016 a ‘green’ carrier group, in order to prove the U.S. can exert it’s power at sea without dependence on foreign oil • Carrier and submarines would be nuclear powered, while accompanying surface ships and all aircraft would burn either alternative fuels (biofuels) or use hybrid power plants • F/A-18 ‘Green Hornet’ *(Photo Credit: Staff Sgt. Aaron Allmon, US Air Force, wikimediacomons) *Ewing, Phillip. “Secnav: Cut half of oil use by 2020,” NavyTimes (October 16, 2009): http://www.navytimes.com/news/2009/10/navy_energy_efficiency_101409w/

  14. Fully-Burdened Cost of Fuel Program: • DOD has come to two important conclusions… • First, “by reducing energy demand we provide operational forces more flexibility and make them less dependent on the logistics infrastructure” • Second, “the DOD acquisition process undervalues technologies that can improve energy efficiency” • “Effectively immediately, it is DOD policy to include the fully burdened cost of delivered energy in trade-off analyses conducted for all tactical systems with end items that create a demand for energy and to improve the energy efficiency of those systems, consistent with mission requirements and cost effectiveness.” *Under Secretary of Defense Kenneth Krieg. Official Memo, “Fully Burdened Cost of Fuel Pilot Program.” (April 10, 2007) *(Photo Credit: Petty Officer 3rd class Craig R. Spiering. U.S. Navy) 

  15. USS Makin Island, Navy’s first hybrid ship, completes maiden voyage from Pascagoula, MS to San Diego, CA • ‘Prius of the Navy’ saved over $2 million in fuel during her maiden voyage alone, expected to save $250 million over her lifetime *(Photo Credit: US Navy) *Surface Forces Public Affairs, "Green Ship" USS Makin Island Brought to Life in San Diego,” US Navy (October 26, 2009): http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=49242

  16. Challenges • Current purchasing of renewable energy credits (RECs) is tied to fluctuations in the economy rather than consumption *Renewable energy consumption data is for Goal-Subject Facilities only; from DOD Annual Energy Management Reports

  17. Developing renewable sources of energy on-site, as opposed to simply purchasing it through RECs, not only makes us safer but is also better for the environment • More DOD-run renewable energy sources means less dependence on the civilian power grid, a key vulnerability recognized by the Defense Science Board and Energy Security Task Force *(Photo Credit: https://webspace.utexas.edu/mes729/WWW/OLEDs/Images/powerlines1152.jpg?uniq=-ylb8f4) *Department of Defense, Defense Research and Engineering, Energy Security Task Force Paper (2008): http://www.dod.mil/ddre/doc/DoD_Energy_Security_Task_Force.pdf and Department of Defense, Defense Science Board Task Force, “More Fight– Less Fuel,” (February 2008): http://www.acq.osd.mil/dsb/reports/2008-02-ESTF.pdf

  18. Most DOD consumption is exempt from Federal energy mandates and the effect of renewable energy purchases • Goal-subject consumption represents less than a quarter of total use *Data from DOD Annual Energy Management Reports *Total consumption includes subject and non-subject facilitites, tactical fuels, and domestic fleet consumption *Energy Consumption By Sector is for FY 2008

  19. Fully-Burdened Cost of Fuel Program only implemented in three pilot programs: • Joint Light Tactical Vehicle • Maritime Air and Missile Defense of Joint Forces (MAMDJF) • Translation -> next generation missile cruiser • Alternative ship propulsion and efficiency options -> NUCLEAR power • Next-Generation Long-Range Strike concept • Translation -> next generation long-range bomber • Existing heavy bomber fleet can satisfy requirements through 2035 • May end up being canceled • All three are long-range projects at best • “The results of these pilots will be used as the basis for implementing this policy across all relevant acquisition programs and DOD business processes.” When? *Under Secretary of Defense Kenneth Krieg. Official Memo, “Fully Burdened Cost of Fuel Pilot Program.” (April 10, 2007) *Next Generation Long Range Strike. Globalsecurity.org. Rogin, Josh. “Obama seeks to delay tanks, cancel bomber.” CQ Politics. (March, 2009)

  20. As a result, while DOD has become a major purchaser of renewable energy in the United States, the department’s overall carbon emissions have remained high *MTCO₂e = Metric Tons of Carbon Dioxide Equivalent *All data from DOD Annual Energy Management Reports

  21. GHG Emissions Comparisons (Million Metric Tons) *National data from DOE/EIA, International Energy Statistics; DOD data from Annual Energy Management Reports; international data for carbon dioxide emissions from the consumption of energy include emissions due to the consumption of petroleum, natural gas, and coal, and also from natural gas flaring.

  22. Overall expenditures have continued to rise,

  23. And casualties have continued to mount • The US military is the most fuel-reliant force in history • 90% of the tonnage being transported to the front is water or fuel • Convoys represent the largest and most vulnerable targets for IED and insurgent attacks *Data from Lucchino, Carla. USMC Energy Efforts and Challenges Presentation

  24. This is particularly true in Afghanistan where roads are often nearly non-existent, forward operating bases more remote, and opportunities for IED attacks more frequent *Casualty data from http://www.icasualties.org/; fuel consumption data from Annual Energy Reports.

  25. Solutions • DOD Energy Security Task Force • Deployable technologies: • In July 2007, the Power Surety Task Force and U.S. Army’s Rapid Equipping Force demonstrated a technique for insulating temporary structures such as tents and containerized living units using a spray foam. • Energy savings of 40-75% caused Multi-National Force Iraq to award a $95M contract to insulate nine million square feet of temporary structures. • An additional nine million square feet of insulated temporary structures could save over 77, 000 gallons of fuel per day in theater, equivalent to about 13 truckloads of fuel, with associated cost savings of $230,000 per day at $3 per gallon (not including the military logistics and force protection saved from the demand reduction). • http://www.ref.army.mil/powersurety/projects_insulation.asp *DOD Energy Security Task Force Paper

  26. Deployed Renewables: • The U.S. Army’s Rapid Equipping Force has deployed two Tactical Garbage to Energy Refineries (TGER) to Iraq for a capability demonstration. • Converts field waste (paper, plastic, cardboard and food slop) into biofuel that is used to power a 60 kilowatt generator. • System is designed to convert 1 ton of waste daily (about the amount created by a battalion-sized FOB) into energy equal to about 115 gallons of jet fuel *DOD Energy Security Task Force Paper

  27. Defense Science Board Task Force: “More Fight– Less Fuel” • Recommends three breakthrough technologies for immediate development: • Blended-Wing Aircraft • Tilt-Rotor Aircraft • Osprey represents a 224% increase in fuel efficiency over CH-46 Sea Knight it is designed to replace • Blast-Bucket Vehicle • Current up-armored Humvees weigh 2x as much as the original design and get only four miles per gallon • Hybrid vehicles require less fuel, fewer fuel tankers and fewer troops to man supply convoys • Just a 1% decrease in fuel consumption could keep 6,442 troops off convoy duty and out of harm's way and save over $6 billion *Boyd, Mike. USMC Operational Energy Efforts and Challenges, 9/11 to Now! Presentation. (August 13, 2009): http://www.marines.mil/units/hqmc/logistics/Documents/Conferences/USMCEnergySummit/Mike_Boyd.pdf. Paul Skalny, director of the Army's National Automotive Center from Matthews, William. “A Different Kind of Hybrid,” Defense News, (November 2, 2009) and Steve Daggett, Congressional Research Service from Tiron, Roxana. “U.S. spending $3.6 billion a month in Afghanistan according to CRS report,” The Hill (October 14, 2009): http://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/news/63121-crs-calculates-cost-of-us-troop-presence-in-afghanistan

  28. Hybrid Vehicles and Deployed Renewables • Army Environmental Policy Institute study on fuel-related casualty factors found reducing theater-wide Army consumption can save a considerable number of lives *Eady, David S, Steven B. Siegel, R. Steven Bell, and Scott H. Dicke, “Sustain the Mission Project: Casualty Factors for Fuel and Water Resupply Convoys.” Army Environmental Policy Institute. (September 2009)

  29. UAVs • F-16's can loiter over a target for about an hour, burning about a thousand gallons of jet fuel, before needing refueling • An unmanned Predator can loiter for twenty-four hours, burning only a hundred gallons of fuel • The final strike against Abu Musab al-Zarqawi came after Predators had gathered six hundred hours of surveillance footage • Keeping two F-16's in the air that long would have required about 120 tanker trucks' worth of fuel • Cost comparisons: Predator- $3 million, Reaper- $8 million, F-16 – $20 - $50 million *Mockenhaupt, Brian. “Unmanned Aircraft: Future of Drone Aircraft and UAVs,” Esquire (October 14, 2009) *(Photo Credit: US Air Force)

  30. Conclusions • The DOD Annual Energy Management Reports show that, while recent legislation has had some affect on promoting renewable energy purchases, overall fuel consumption has remained relatively unchanged and DOD remains as reliant as ever on the civilian energy grid and foreign oil. • However, DOD remains uniquely situated to enact large-scale, top-down initiatives to promote better fuel efficiency and make a large impact on national energy use *(Photo Credits: Department of Defense and Picasa: http://lh6.ggpht.com/_uClWWnRFAss/SHIdIP_pRI/AAAAAAAAATc/PymEb5CGYNM/)

  31. Recommendations • Acquire lightweight and hybrid tactical vehicles • Military currently has zero hybrid-electric tactical vehicles • Continue developing unmanned technologies • Develop department-managed large-scale domestic renewable energy projects • Develop and deploy an array of scalable renewable energy platforms to the field *(Photo Credits: Airman 1st Class Jonathan Steffen, US Air Force and US Navy)

  32. The Department of Defense should see becoming more sustainable as an opportunity, not a burden, as there are serious military, economic, and environmental reasons for doing so. Torkham Highway outside Kabul, Afghanistan *(Photo Credit: http://www.wspgroup.co.za/upload/images/Projects/Kabul%20%20Torkham%20Highway,%20Afghanistan%2001.JPG)

  33. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE SUSTAINABILITY Schuyler Null Global Green USA snull@globalgreen.org

  34. Sources • Boyd, Mike. USMC Operational Energy Efforts and Challenges, 9/11 to Now! Presentation. (August 13, 2009): http://www.marines.mil/units/hqmc/logistics/Documents/Conferences/USMCEnergySummit/Mike_Boyd.pdf • Chavanne, Bettina H. “Marine Corps Pushes for Energy Efficiency,” Aviation Week (October 15, 2009) • Department of Defense, Defense Research and Engineering, Energy Security Task Force Paper (2008): http://www.dod.mil/ddre/doc/DoD_Energy_Security_Task_Force.pdf • Department of Defense, Defense Research and Engineering, Energy Security Task Force Paper (2008): http://www.dod.mil/ddre/doc/DoD_Energy_Security_Task_Force.pdf • Department of Defense, Defense Science Board Task Force, “More Fight– Less Fuel,” (February 2008): http://www.acq.osd.mil/dsb/reports/2008-02-ESTF.pdf • Department of Defense, Office of the Under Secretary of Defense, Installations and Environment, Annual Energy Management Reports, FY 1999-2008: http://www.acq.osd.mil/ie/energy/energymgmt_report/main.shtml • Department of Energy/Energy Information Agency, “State Energy Consumption Estimates: 1960-2007,” (August 2009): http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/states/_seds.html

  35. Sources • Department of Energy/Energy Information Agency, International Energy Statistics: http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/cfapps/ipdbproject/IEDIndex3.cfm • Eady, David S, Steven B. Siegel, R. Steven Bell, and Scott H. Dicke, “Sustain the Mission Project: Casualty Factors for Fuel and Water Resupply Convoys.” Army Environmental Policy Institute. (September 2009) • Ewing, Phillip. “Secnav: Cut half of oil use by 2020,” NavyTimes (October 16, 2009): http://www.navytimes.com/news/2009/10/navy_energy_efficiency_101409w/ • Grant, Greg. “Navy Launches Green Hornet,” DOD Buzz (October 14, 2009): http://www.dodbuzz.com/2009/10/14/navy-launches-green-hornet/ • Lucchino, Carla. USMC Energy Efforts and Challenges Presentation (October 19, 2009): http://www.energyconversation.org/conversation/presentation/presentation-us-military-energy-strategies-carla-e-lucchino • Ewing, Phillip. “Secnav: Cut half of oil use by 2020,” NavyTimes (October 16, 2009): http://www.navytimes.com/news/2009/10/navy_energy_efficiency_101409w/ • Grant, Greg. “Navy Launches Green Hornet,” DOD Buzz (October 14, 2009): http://www.dodbuzz.com/2009/10/14/navy-launches-green-hornet/ • iCasualties.org, Iraq Coalition Casualty Count, http://www.icasualties.org/

  36. Sources • Lucchino, Carla. USMC Energy Efforts and Challenges Presentation (October 19, 2009): http://www.energyconversation.org/conversation/presentation/presentation-us-military-energy-strategies-carla-e-lucchino • Matthews, William. “A Different Kind of Hybrid,” Defense News (November 2, 2009): http://defensenews.com/story.php?i=4354248&c=FEA&s=TEC • McGee, Michael. U.S. Air Force Energy Program Presentation (October 19, 2009): http://www.energyconversation.org/conversation/presentation/presentation-us-military-energy-strategies-michael-f-mcghee • Mockenhaupt, Brian. “Unmanned Aircraft: Future of Drone Aircraft and UAVs,” Esquire (October 14, 2009) • Rogin, Josh. “Obama seeks to delay tanks, cancel bomber.” CQ Politics. (March, 2009) • Surface Forces Public Affairs, "Green Ship" USS Makin Island Brought to Life in San Diego,” US Navy (October 26, 2009): http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=49242 • Tiron, Roxana. “U.S. spending $3.6 billion a month in Afghanistan according to CRS report,” The Hill (October 14, 2009): http://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/news/63121-crs-calculates-cost-of-us-troop-presence-in-afghanistan • Under Secretary of Defense Kenneth Krieg. Official Memo, “Fully Burdened Cost of Fuel Pilot Program.” (April 10, 2007)

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