Chapter 9.2:

1. Chapter 9.2: Feudalism

2. Feudalism 814: Charlemagne died -followed Frankish custom of dividing land among sons

3. Feudalism Carolingian Empire was split

4. Feudalism 3 New Kingdoms of the Former Carolingian Empire: 1. West Frankish Kingdom 2. East Frankish Kingdom 3. Middle Kingdom

5. Feudalism Invasions began to disintegrate the former empire 3 main invading groups (map, page 292): 1. Muslims Spread from SW Asia across North Africa Occupied southern 2/3’s of Iberian Peninsula Sent invaders into West Frankish Kingdom

6. Feudalism 2. Magyars Picture from: http://www.stormfront.org/whitehistory/hwr31.htm Magyars raiding a White settlement. The Magyars were an Asiatic race who burst over the Danube river at the close of the 10th Century, ravaging wide areas of central Europe

7. Feudalism 2. Magyars Picture from: http://www.stormfront.org/whitehistory/hwr31.htm Magyar raiders set fire to a German homestead

8. Feudalism 2. Magyars Moved into central Europe from western Asia during late 800s Settled on the Great Hungarian Plain Magyars sent raiders into Frankish Kingdoms Maps from World Atlas.com

9. Feudalism 3. Vikings (Northmen, Norsemen) From Scandinavia -moved into Europe during 800s -plundering the weak, trading with stronger groups Map fromhttp://historymedren.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/%7Eatlas/europe/static/map16.html

10. Feudalism -Vikings were superb warriors -they were also excellent shipbuilders and sailors -Vikings used their ships and followed rivers to penetrate into Europe 911: Frankish ruler gave Vikings some land -this encouraged further Viking settlements, trade, and many converted to Christianity, became part of European civilization

11. Feudalism These invaders caused a threat to European civilization -absence of a strong central government People began to look for local land-owning aristocrats for protection -needed to find a lord that would protect them -in return people would provide labor and other services

12. Feudalism • What factors helped the Vikings to successfully invade Europe? They were warriors and superb shipbuilders and sailors

13. Feudalism This new social system became known as feudalism -nobles offer land and protection in return for services The Lord  A Serf

14. Feudalism In traditional Germanic society, warriors swore an oath of loyalty to their leaders and fought for them -these leaders, in turn, took care of their warriors’ needs This idea spread through Europe during the 8th century Vassal: a man who served a lord in a military capacity

16. Feudalism 2 Innovations led to the establishments of knights: 1. Introduction of larger horses enabled horsemen to wear heavy armor 2. Invention of the stirrup provided horsemen with stability to use lances

17. Feudalism Powerful nobles began to take control of large areas of land -vassals were obligated to fight for their lord when summoned to do so Vassals were given a piece of land that supported the vassal and his family

18. Feudalism There was very little trade in Medieval Europe -kingdoms were self-sufficient

19. Feudalism LAND was the most important gift a lord could give his vassal

20. Feudalism There was a public ceremony when a man became a vassal -vows of homage and fealty "Homage is the most honorable service, and most humble service of reverence, that a franktenant may do to his lord. For when the tenant shall make homage to his lord, he shall be ungirt, and his head uncovered, and his lord shall sit, and the tenant shall kneel before him on both his knees, and hold his hands jointly together between the hands of his lord, and shall say thus: 'I become your man from this day forward [of life and limb, and of earthly worship,] and unto you shall be true and faithful, and bear to you faith for the tenements that I claim to hold of you, saving the faith that I owe to our sovereign lord the king'; and then the lord, so sitting, shall kiss him.

21. Feudalism When a freeholder doth fealty to his lord, he shall hold his right hand upon a book, and shall say thus: 'Know ye this, my lord, that I shall be faithful and true unto you, and faith to you shall bear for the lands which I claim to hold of you, and that I shall lawfully do to you the customs and services which I ought to do, at the terms assigned, so help me God and his saints'; and he shall kiss the book. -text page 293

22. Feudalism Loyalty to one’s lord was the chief virtue in feudal society Fief: the grant of land made to a vassal -vassals gained political authority within their lands -they could even grant pieces of their land to their own vassals and become ‘lesser lords’ Many people became responsible for keeping order in Europe Feudalism became much more complicated

23. Feudalism Feudal contract: a set of unwritten laws that determined the lord-vassal relationship “The basic element of the feudal contract was an exchange of rights over land, given by the lord, for military and other honorable services, given by the vassal. While the contract was taken quite seriously, it was not in writing. Solemn promise was good enough and also made it more personal. But the fact that it was not in writing led to frequent quarrels over the exact duties and obligations which had been incurred. It should be obvious by now that these contracts varied considerably in terms of detail, if not in overall uniformity.”

24. Feudalism Vassals main obligations: -perform military service (about 40 days per year -give advice to the lord if summoned to do so -making financial payments on occasion -knighting of lords’ eldest son -marriage of lords’ eldest daughter -pay ransom for lord if he is captured

25. Feudalism Lord’s main obligations: -grant land to vassals -required to defend vassal -either militarily or in court

26. Feudalism • Why was land the most important gift a lord could give a vassal? Because there was little trade and wealth was based primarily on land Land could be used to maintain the expense of being a knight

27. Feudalism Warfare was a constant part of Medieval society

29. Feudalism

30. Feudalism

31. Feudalism

32. Feudalism Nobles formed an aristocracy which controlled political, economic, and social power -knights had little to do except fight -when not at war, knights began to have contests which became known as tournaments

33. Feudalism

35. Feudalism Joust: individual combat between two knights using long lances on horseback -became the main event of Medieval tournaments -tournaments were an excellent way for knights to train for war as well as to prove themselves

37. Feudalism Medieval life was very violent, and nobles administered justice within their own kingdoms, using a variety of punishments including many documented types of public execution methods

43. Feudalism

44. Feudalism

46. Feudalism Chivalry: a code of ethics developed in 11th century among knights -influenced by the Catholic Church -knights took oath to defend the Church and defenseless people -kept captives as honored guests -were to fight only for glory and not for material rewards (power versus glory)

47. Feudalism Chivalry helped lessen the harshness of the warfare of the time, for emphasis was laid on the courteous treatment of prisoners. Even so, kings, and nobles were held for ransom when captured, and the code of chivalry applied only between members of the noble, ruling class. They did not have to apply this code to the common people under them.

49. Feudalism • List three features of chivalry. Knights were to defend the Church and the defenseless Treat captives as honored guests Fight only for glory

50. Feudalism Most women of this time were under the control of men -but men were very often away (war, courts…) so “the lady” had to manage the estate -control the finances -oversee the food supply -maintain all other necessary supplies to run the household