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The Malay People. Migration across the Pacific 1000 B.C.E. – 1200 C.E. By: Katie Zheng, Naveena Karusala, and Amanda Richards. Migrations began in 4000 BC near Taiwan and reached New Zealand by 1250 AD. Near Oceania- cultural diffusion led to the Lapita people.
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The Malay People Migration across the Pacific 1000 B.C.E. – 1200 C.E. By: Katie Zheng, Naveena Karusala, and Amanda Richards
Migrations began in 4000 BC near Taiwan and reached New Zealand by 1250 AD. Near Oceania- cultural diffusion led to the Lapita people. Bright spots indicate last three and most difficult migrations in the Pacific.
Migrators brought the gourd (used to make containers) and sweet potatoes (source of nutrition) to New Zealand. Cultural impact of Malay migration- undecorated plainware, pottery.
Used knowledge of the winds to travel against the wind to easily return back with it. Modern replications of double hulled voyaging canoes- made navigation and settlement possible.
Cultural impact- monumental religious structures called moai, central cultural focus
Chronology • First millennium B.C.E. – Malay immigrants begin to move into Southeast Asia. They arrive in a simple yet effective canoe known as an outrigger canoe. • 700 B.C.E. – Dongson-style pottery begins to show up in New Guinea. This suggests that Malay peoples have already begun settling in places like Malaysia and Brunei at this time. • 500 B.C.E. – By the time of the Bronze Age, the Malay Peninsula has become a center for maritime trade. It is an important area for seafarers from around Asia and even as far away as Egypt. • 420 B.C.E. – This is the earliest indication of human presence in Tonga, though people probably arrived even earlier. • 200 B.C.E. – Malay people from Southeast Asia introduce the long knife as they migrate to the Philippines and Indonesia. They also bring their expertise in fighting with daggers, spears, and bows. • 200 B.C.E.-1000 C.E. – During the Iron Age, artistry develops, becoming especially important in the Philippines. Jewelry and body tattooing are two major developments. • 100 B.C.E. – The Malay have reached the Marquesas despite its relative inaccessibility.
Chronology Continued • 1 C.E. – In the Philippines, Malay peoples display their skill in engineering by carving mountains into terraces that could be used to grow rice. • 200-300 C.E. – Malay kingdoms appear on the Malay Peninsula, though the area does not have plains extensive or fertile enough to support a dense population. • 500 C.E. – By this point, the Malay have migrated as far as Japan, Hawaii, Easter Island, and Madagascar. The Malay plants, animals, language, and music that have shown up in these new areas evidence their arrival. • 682 C.E. – The first Malay text, known as the Kedukan Bukit Inscription, is written. Its language displays similarities to the Pallava (dynasty of Southern India) language family. • 800 C.E. – Seafarers make the long journey to New Zealand and colonize it. • First millennium C.E. – Malay sultanates arrive and initiate trade with the Orang Asli, a group of people native to Peninsular Malaysia. The Malays’ arrival forced the Orang Asli to move further inland to continue their isolated practices. • 1000-1200 C.E. – During the Porcelain Age, trade flourishes between the Malay and China, India, and Arabia. Naturally, one of the major goods that is traded during this time is porcelain.
Comparisons • In both East Asia and the Pacific Islands, the basic political structure was a chiefdom, which was largely patrilineal in nature. • Sophisticated navigation techniques were developed in the interest of exploration. • While the East Asian Polynesian peoples were pantheistic and believed in shamanism, the Pacific Islanders believe in a sort of magic present in all human beings. • While the East Asian and Pacific Island architecture is very similar, there are some differences, such as the emphasis on body art in East Asia and the emphasis on jewelry in the Pacific Islands. This probably stemmed from cultural changes that took place because of location. • Both East Asian and the Pacific Island Polynesians were focused on navigational and seafaring technology, such as canoes. • In both cultures, there is an emphasis on agriculture and trade—however, the trade in the Pacific Islands was more widespread and varied, due to the fact that there were more islands and therefore more variety in the Pacific Islands than there were places in East Asia. • Self-sufficient tribes that had some separation but could band together in the face of a mutual threat were the norm.
Change over Time • Travel around Polynesia and South Asia required great skill with maritime technology. This began with the Malays’ sturdy outrigger canoes that were used to reach Southeast Asia. Gradually, this involved into great navigational technology that allowed the Malays to travel longer distances. It also became useful in maritime trade. • In the Bismark Archipelago, a form of pottery known as Lapita Ware developed. It spread to other areas such as New Caledonia, Fiji, and Samoa along with many other features of Polynesian culture. However, the pottery disappeared by the time New Zealand was discovered, and replaced with other crafts such as fish hooks and stone crafts. • Around 500 B.C. bronze became prominent in Vietnam in the form of large, decorative drums. Bronze also had other metallurgical uses in the area. To the northwest, similar drums developed in China; however, the Chinese came to build even more elaborate drums as well as containers for cowrie shells, expanding upon the role of bronze in their culture. • Interaction with Indian traders along maritime trade routes introduced the Malays to Indian religions and ideas. After many centuries, these Indian traditions had become a part of Malay culture and politics.
Role in Modern Day • The descendents of original Malay people now make up the citizens of more than 1000 islands in the Pacific, including mainland Australia, New Zealand, and Hawaii. • The Malay culture has split into different sectors, including Polynesia, Micronesia, and Melanesia. • Historic Malay cultural aspects, such as the Moai (statues in Easter Island), textile work, wood carvings, and Aboriginal rock art, is the basis of attraction for modern day tourism. • The people of modern day Polynesia and surrounding islands are heavily influenced by outside cultures, so it is prone to cultural fluctuation. • Numerous Pacific islands have been used for military bases by other nations such as the US, UK, and Germany, notably during World War II. • The Malay people have been the subject of many studies of mitochondrial DNA lineages in order to determine the original population of the migrating people, considering there is a very small literature base for population records.
The Roles • Katie Zheng: • Part 1: Spread/impact of Malay people on regions • Part 4: Comparisons • Naveena Karusala: • Part 3: Maps, charts, or images • Part 5: Role of the Malay people in today’s world • Amanda Richards: • Part 2: Chronology • Part 4: Change over time
