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Astronomy = the study of the universe

Astronomy = the study of the universe. Astro = star Centr = center Geo = earth Retro = back Pre = before Peri = around Mar = ocean Terre = ground Sol = sun Chrom = color pro = first. Astronomical History!. Geocentric Model = moon, sun and planets orbit Earth.

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Astronomy = the study of the universe

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  1. Astronomy = the study of the universe Astro = star Centr = center Geo = earth Retro = back Pre = before Peri = around Mar = ocean Terre = ground Sol = sun Chrom = color pro = first

  2. Astronomical History! • Geocentric Model = moon, sun and planets orbit Earth.

  3. Astronomical History! • Heliocentric Model = Earth and other planets orbit sun.

  4. Astronomical History! • Ptolemaic System = Planets orbit Earth, but seemed to exhibit retrograde motion.

  5. Astronomical History! Brahe: Yes, but my observations are much more precise. Copernicus: Earth is a planet that orbits the sun. Kepler: No, my 3 laws of planetary motionprove that Brahe is wrong. Newton: The planets are held into a circle by the gravity of the sun. Galileo: Well, here is how the planets and their satellites move.

  6. Earth – Moon - Sun Rotation = spinning Revolution = going around another object Earth Rotating http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a001300/a001374/index.html Perihelion Aphelion CLOSEST FARTHEST

  7. SEASONS Plane of the Ecliptic = reference plane that runs from pole to pole. Plane is tilted about 23.5o. Seasons are result of the tilt.

  8. More Earth Movement Precession = very slow wobbling http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/Milankovitch/Images/milankovitch_precess_high.mov

  9. Earth - Moon Perigee = moon is closest to earth Apogee = moon is farthest from earth

  10. Phases of the Moon http://videos.howstuffworks.com/hsw/10001-the-moon-phases-video.htm

  11. NAME THAT PHASE!

  12. ECLIPSE Solar eclipse = moon is between earth and sun (like the background here!) and casts a shadow on Earth. Lunar eclipse = Earth moves between sun and moon and casts shadow on moon.

  13. Man on the Moon http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/World-News/Nasa-Releases-Footage-Of-Moon-Landing-When-Astronaut-Neil-Armstong-Took-First-Steps-On-July-20-1969/Article/200907315338603

  14. Earth’s Moon • Gravity 1/6th that of Earth • 150 lb person = 25 lbs • The Only Natural Satellite • 1/4th diameter of Earth • Apollo moon mission 1969-1972

  15. Craters • round depressions • produced by impacts Compresses surface material. Impact by meteor. Rebound splash of ejecta. Uplift of deep rock in center.

  16. Major Topographic features of the Moon: Highlands = light colored areas (almost as high as Mt. Everest!) Mare (Maria, pl.) = dark smooth areas (ancient beds of lava) Rilles are valleys or trenches. Regolith = soil-like layer

  17. Lunar History When solar system was forming, a body the size of Mars impacted Earth and the debris shot into space. One piece was our Moon. How the Moon Formed http://videos.howstuffworks.com/hsw/9998-the-moon-formation-video.htm

  18. Formation of the Solar System Nebular Theory = sun and planets formed from a rotating disk of dust and gases. Planetesimals = small, irregular-shaped bodies that collided and clumped together to form the planets. The Solar System Terrestrial Planet = small and rocky (inner planets) Jovian Planet = large gaseous (outer planets) http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=21B610C4-B1BB-40E0-8760-825A41B19E12&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US

  19. Asteroids = small, rocky bodies floating in space (Largest, Ceres, is about 1000 km in diameter!) Comets = pieces of rocky and metallic materials held together by frozen gases like water, ammonia, methane, etc. (Some take hundreds of thousands of years to make one orbit.) Small Pieces (w/Quiz) http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=BD722E4D-32D2-4342-B475-F031BFDC4EEC&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US

  20. Coma = the glowing head of a comet produced when the sun begins vaporizing the comet’s frozen gases. Tail = stream of glowing vaporizing gases Halley’s Comet 76-yr-orbit

  21. Kuiper Belt = disc-shaped region beyond Neptune where short-orbital comets originate. Oort Cloud = area spreading in all directions from the sun where long-orbital comets originate.

  22. Meteoroid • small, solid particle • travels through space • origination • interplanetary debris • asteroid belt material • remains of comets METEORS! • Meteor • meteoroid that enters Earth’s atmosphere • Meteor Shower = a group of meteors traveling in the same direction Meteor in Peru 2007 http://news.bbc.co.uk/player/nol/newsid_7000000/newsid_7002300/7002376.stm?bw=bb&mp=wm&asb=1&news=1&ms3=54&ms_javascript=true&bbcws=2

  23. The SUN Photosphere = visible surface (90% hydrogen) Chromosphere = thin layer of hot gases (can see during solar eclipse) Corona= weak outermost layer (extends 1 million km) Solar wind = streams of protons and electrons

  24. Corona Convective Zone Radiative Zone Core Photosphere Earth Chromosphere

  25. Activity of the Sun: Sunspots= appear dark because they are cooler than the rest of the sun. http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/sun/atmosphere/sun_rotate_anim_jan2005.html&edu=high Prominences= large cloudlike structures consisting of chromospheric gases.

  26. http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://veimages.gsfc.nasa.gov/10194/a001168_pre.jpg&imgrefurl=http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/view_rec.php%3Fid%3D10194&usg=__0rK1487FipNjvZgrwD7bE1yTeO8=&h=242&w=320&sz=7&hl=en&start=13&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=rfP8CkCb5ln2KM:&tbnh=89&tbnw=118&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dsolar%2Bflare%2Banimation%26ndsp%3D20%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Dactive%26rls%3Dcom.microsoft:en-us%26um%3D1http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://veimages.gsfc.nasa.gov/10194/a001168_pre.jpg&imgrefurl=http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/view_rec.php%3Fid%3D10194&usg=__0rK1487FipNjvZgrwD7bE1yTeO8=&h=242&w=320&sz=7&hl=en&start=13&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=rfP8CkCb5ln2KM:&tbnh=89&tbnw=118&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dsolar%2Bflare%2Banimation%26ndsp%3D20%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Dactive%26rls%3Dcom.microsoft:en-us%26um%3D1 • Solar Flares • explosive events • last about an hour • sudden brightening above a sunspot cluster • release enormous amounts of energy • ejects atomic particles • produce auroras (northern lights) http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/imagerecords/3000/3912/flare_soh_2003301.jpg&imgrefurl=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php%3Fid%3D3912&usg=__1KWUaN-ZdTALrPPKRSxiynbT1xU=&h=865&w=540&sz=74&hl=en&start=3&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=jLzIYZNVqdx_VM:&tbnh=145&tbnw=91&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dsolar%2Bflare%2Banimation%26ndsp%3D20%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Dactive%26rls%3Dcom.microsoft:en-us%26um%3D1

  27. It’s how far??!! 1 Light Year = how far light travels in one year. Light travels at 299,792,458 m/s so in one year light goes 5.88 trillion (5.88 × 1012) miles. 1 A.U. (Astronomical Unit) is the distance from the Earth to the Sun which is 150 million km (93 million miles).

  28. Earth’s diameter = 7,926 miles

  29. Sun’s diameter = 870,000 miles

  30. Sirius is the brightest star in the night-time sky. It is located in the constellation Canis Major. It is 8.5 light years away. Pollux is 33.7 light years away. Arcturus is 36.7 light years away.

  31. ANTARES IS THE 15TH BRIGHTEST STAR IN THE SKY. IT IS MORE THAN 1000 LIGHT YEARS AWAY.

  32. How to Build a Star 1. Locate a nebula (cloud of dust and gases).

  33. How to Build a Star 2. Contract your nebula.

  34. How to Build a Star 3. Squeeze your nebula more using gravity.

  35. How to Build a Star 4. Convert the gravitational energy into heat energy.

  36. How to Build a Star 5. Conversion gives you a protostar.

  37. How to Build a Star 6. Continue to squeeze until the core reaches 10 million K of pressure. Congratulations…It’s a Star!

  38. How to Raise a Star 1. Provide support and guidance while your young star struggles with internal gas pressures and forces of gravity.

  39. How to Raise a Star 2. Have your star identified by a star doctor to determine its color. Blue stars burn fast and die quickly in about 3 million years. Yellow stars brun slowly and live about 10 billion years.

  40. How to Raise a Star 3. Provide senior care as your star reaches the red-giant stage and its core is consumed.

  41. How to Raise a Star 4. Apply gravity to offset the loss of fuel.

  42. The Death of a Star 1. Prepare for the eventual collapse of your star by gravity.

  43. The Death of a Star 2. If your star was a low mass star, care for it as it collapses into a white dwarf.

  44. The Death of a Star 3. If your star was a medium mass star, care for it as it bloats into a planetary nebula.

  45. The Death of a Star 4. If your star was a massive star, run away! A supernova is coming!

  46. The Death of a Star 5. When your star goes supernova, prepare for a black hole. Black holes are made when pieces of stars 3x bigger than our sun collapse making smaller objects with immense gravitational pulls. The gravity is so strong that not even light can escape.

  47. Home Sweet Home Circinus Galaxy Andromeda Galaxy Galaxy = group of dust, stars, and gases held together by gravity. Cartwheel Galaxy Sombrero Galaxy Methusala Galaxy

  48. Home Sweet Home Milky Way Galaxy Google Earth to space ASSIGNMENT: PH CH 22, 23, 24, 25

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