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Health Services Research and Practice: Pharmaceuticals. Andy Stergachis, Ph.D. R.Ph. Epidemiology and Pharmacy. Topics. Medication Use Variations in Drug-Related Services Pharmacoepidemiology & Drug Safety. Rx. Rx Expenditures: selected countries. $US Bil. Sales.
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Health Services Research and Practice: Pharmaceuticals Andy Stergachis, Ph.D. R.Ph. Epidemiology and Pharmacy
Topics • Medication Use • Variations in Drug-Related Services • Pharmacoepidemiology & Drug Safety
Rx Rx Expenditures: selected countries $US Bil Sales Source: IMS HEALTH: MIDAS, 2001 * Pharmacy only ** Hospital only
Rx Rx Spending Per Capita Source: OECD Health Data, 1999
Variations in Drug-Related Services • Pharmacies and pharmacists • Financing • Advertising and promotion • OTCs and drug schedules • Drug approval • Complementary medicine
New Products 2001 Global Pipeline 6,225 To December 2001 8,722 Products 1,067 935 328 167 PRECLINICAL PRE-REG PHASE I PHASE II PHASE III 71% 11% 12% 4% 2% Source: IMS Lifecycle CD ROM December 2001
Pharmacoepidemiology as a Continuum • Surveillance/Signal Generation • Adverse event reports • Verify/Confirm and Quantify Risk • Case-control and cohort studies • Improved Patient Care and Regulatory Decision Making • Risk-to-benefit
Issues • Affordability, access and equity • How safe is safe enough? • Variations in pharmacy practice • Variations in regulatory agencies • Drug reimportation concerns • Patterns of use, e.g., antimicrobial resistance
More Information • www.fip.org: • Humanitarian Organizations (for example): • Other Organizations (eg. pharmacoepi.org) • stergach@u.washington.edu