Respiration

1. Respiration

2. Scope • Respiratory system • Respiratory arrest, Respiratory distress • Choking • Abdominal thrust • Chest thrust • Drowning and Rescue breathing • Asthmatic attack • Hyperventilation

3. Respiration • The respiratory system • Normal respiration • Effort less, steady, rhythmic, little/no noise • Rates • Infant 24 – 40 cpm • Child 20 – 30 cpm • Adult 12 – 18 cpm

4. Respiration • Gaseous content • Inspired air – 21% oxygen • Expired air – 16% oxygen • Below 12 cpm assist ventilation • Brain damage after 4 minutes without oxygen

5. Respiratory Arresst • Respiratory arrest is a condition in which breathing has stopped. • Cause • Result of choking, drowning, asthmatic attack etc. • Sign • Casualty is unconscious • No breathing • Treatment • Rescue breathing

6. Respiratory Distress • Respiratory distress is difficulty in breathing. • Cause • Process of Choking, drowning, asthmatic attack etc. • Signs • Rapid, distress, noisy breathing and gasping • Confusion, irritability, leading to unconsciousness • Blueness of skin, cyanosis • Treatment • Relate back to cause • Rescue breathing if breathing stop

7. Respiratory Distress • Common cause • Foreign object obstructing airway • Crushing or penetrating chest injury • Poisonous gases • Drowning • Bronchospasm in bronchial asthma and allergic reaction

8. Choking • A form of respiratory distress • Airway is partially or totally obstructed • By foreign body • Tongue

9. Drowning • Air cannot get into the lungs • Wet drowning • Dry drowning • Do not force water out of stomach • Does not improve respiration • Drain naturally • Stomach content being aspirated • Do not use abdominal or chest thrust unless • Airway obstructed or resuscitation failed

10. Drowning • Treatment • Do not waste time empty water from casualty’s lung • Get help • Do rescue breathing if needed • Keep casualty warm • Arrange to medical attention even recover

11. Severe Asthmatic Attack • Shortness of breath due to narrowing of air passage due to • Allergy/Influenza/Drugs/Smoke • Sign • Wheezing • Distress and anxiety • Difficulty in speaking • Grey-blue skin • Dry thick cough • Severe attack • Unconscious

12. Hyperventilaton • Condition of casualty breathing to fast and has his hand and feet going into spasm • Cause • Excessive breathing • Anxiety • Hysteria or Panic attack

13. Hyperventilation • Sign • Unnaturally, fast, deep breathing • Dizziness, faintness • Tingling or marked tingling in the hands • Cramps in hands and feet • Treatment • Lead casualty to quiet space • Ask casualty to brief slowly • Let him re-breath his own expired air

14. Airway Obstruction • Casualty consciousness • Conscious • Unconscious • Casualty’s condition • Adults • Obese or pregnant • Infant

15. Adominal Thrust For conscious adult • Face casualty and verbally confirm choking • Try to ask casualty to cough • Do abdominal thrust if coughing fail to clear the obstruction • Also known as Heimlich maneuver

16. Heimlich maneuver • Stand behind casualty • Locates victim’s navel • Make fist with knuckles up • Grab fist with other hand • Press clenched fist • Inward and upward thrust • Separate and distinct effort • Stop when object is dislodged

17. Abdominal Thrust For unconscious adult • Tap shoulder and ask • Call for ambulance and place casualty on his back • Open airway • Check breathing • Perform abdominal thrust 5 times • Check mouth for foreign body • Try again till obstruction is clear • Put casualty in recovery position.

18. Special cases • Pregnant and Obese • Kneel on side of casualty • Apply thrust at middle of sternum • Infants • Stroke the back holding infants leg.

19. Rescue Breathing • Mouth to mouth • Mouth to nose • Mouth cannot open (trismus) • Mouth is seriously injured • Casualty vomiting severely • Casualty ingested poison • Special cases • Infant