2 nd Period: Biology II Competency #3. Investigate and discuss the molecular basis of heredity.

1. 2nd Period: Biology II Competency #3.Investigate and discuss the molecular basis of heredity. • Explain how the process of meiosis clarifies the mechanism underlying Mendel’s conclusions about segregation and independent assortment on a molecular level. (DOK 1) • Research and explain how major discoveries led to the determination of DNA structure. (DOK 2) • Relate gene expression (e.g., replication, transcription, translation) to protein structure and function. (DOK 2) • Translation of a messenger RNA strand into a protein • Processing by organelles so that the protein is appropriately packaged, labeled, and eventually exported by the cell • Messenger RNA codon charts to determine the effects of different types of mutations on amino acid sequence and protein structure (e.g., sickle cell anemia resulting from base substitution mutation) • Gene expression regulated in organisms so that specific proteins are synthesized only when they are needed by the cell (e.g., allowing cell specialization)

2. WARM-UP #7

3. DNA(Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

4. Genetic material of cells… • GENES – units of genetic material that CODES FOR A SPECIFIC TRAIT • Called NUCLEIC ACIDS • DNA is made up of repeating molecules called NUCLEOTIDES

5. Phosphate Group O O=P-O O 5 CH2 O N Nitrogenous base (A, G, C, or T) C1 C4 Sugar (deoxyribose) C3 C2 DNA Nucleotide

6. A HISTORY OF DNA • Discovery of the DNA double helix A. Frederick Griffith – Discovers that a factor in diseased bacteria can transform harmless bacteria into deadly bacteria (1928) B. Rosalind Franklin- X-ray photo of DNA. (1952) C. Watson and Crick- described the DNA molecule from Franklin’s X-ray. (1953)

7. Watson & Crick proposed… • DNA had specific pairing between the nitrogen bases: • ADENINE – THYMINE • CYTOSINE - GUANINE • DNA was made of 2 long stands of nucleotides arranged in a specific way called the “Complementary Rule”

8. “Rungs of ladder” Nitrogenous Base (A,T,G or C) “Legs of ladder” Phosphate & Sugar Backbone DNA Double Helix

9. 5 O 3 3 O P P 5 5 C O G 1 3 2 4 4 2 1 3 5 O P P T A 3 5 O O 5 P P 3 DNA Double Helix

10. A or G T or C Nitrogenous Bases • PURINES 1. Adenine (A) 2. Guanine (G) • PYRIMIDINES 3. Thymine (T) 4. Cytosine (C)

11. C T A G Chargaff’s Rule • Adeninemust pair with Thymine • Guanine must pair with Cytosine • Their amounts in a given DNA molecule will be about the same.

12. H-bonds G C A T BASE-PAIRINGS

13. Genetic Diversity… • Different arrangements of NUCLEOTIDES in a nucleic acid (DNA) provides the key to DIVERSITY among living organisms.

14. The Code of Life… • The “code” of the chromosome is the SPECIFIC ORDER that bases occur. A T C G T A T G C G G…

15. DNA is wrapped tightly around histones and coiled tightly to form chromosomes

16. DNA Replication • DNA must be copied • The DNA molecule produces 2 IDENTICAL new complementary strands following the rules of base pairing: A-T, G-C • Each strand of the original DNA serves as a template for the new strand

17. DNA Template Parental DNA New DNA DNA Replication • Semiconservative Model: 1.Watson and Crick showed: the two strands of the parental moleculeseparate, and each functions as a template for synthesis of a new complementary strand. .

18. Replication Quiz 1. Why is replication necessary? 2. When does replication occur? 3. Describe how replication works. • Use the complementary rule to create the complementary strand: A---? G---? C---? T---? A---? G---? A---? G---? C---? A---? G---? T---?

19. Replication Quiz 1. Why is replication necessary? So both new cells will have the correct DNA 2. When does replication occur? During interphase (S phase). 3. Describe how replication works. Enzymes unzip DNA and complementary nucleotides join each original strand. 4. Use the complementary rule to create the complementary strand: A---T G---C C---G T---A A---T G---C A---T G---C C---G A---T G---C T---A

20. (1961) Watson & Crick proposed… • …DNA controlled cell function by serving as a template for PROTEIN structure. • 3 Nucleotides = a triplet or CODON (which code for a specific AMINO ACID) • AMINO ACIDS are the building blocks of proteins.

21. DNA Transcription • DNA can “unzip” itself and RNA nucleotides match up to the DNA strand. • Both DNA & RNA are formed from NUCLEOTIDES and are called NUCLEIC acids.

22. DNA Translation • The cell uses information from “messenger” RNA to produce proteins

23. Transcription/Translation Quiz • Why is transcription necessary? • Describe transcription. • Why is translation necessary? • Describe translation. • What are the main differences between DNA and RNA. • Using the chart on page 303, identify the amino acids coded for by these codons: UGGCAGUGC

24. 1. Why is transcription necessary? Transcription makes messenger RNA (MRNA) to carry the code for proteins out of the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm. 2. Describe transcription. RNA polymerase binds to DNA, separates the strands, then uses one strand as a template to assemble MRNA. 3. Why is translation necessary? Translation assures that the right amino acids are joined together by peptides to form the correct protein.

25. 4. Describe translation. The cell uses information from MRNA to produce proteins. 5. What are the main differences between DNA and RNA. DNA has deoxyribose, RNA has ribose; DNA has 2 strands, RNA has one strand; DNA has thymine, RNA has uracil. • Using the chart on page 303, identify the amino acids coded for by these codons: UGGCAGUGC tryptophan-glutamine-cysteine

26. AMAZING DNA FACTS… • DNA from a single human cell extends in a single thread for almost 2 meters long!!! • It contains information equal to some 600,000 printed pages of 500 words each!!! (a library of about 1,000 books)

27. LET’S REVIEW DNA… • List the conclusions Griffith & Avery, Hershey & Chase drew from their experiments. • Summarize the relationship between genes & DNA. • Describe the overall structure of the DNA molecule. • What are the 4 kinds of bases?