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Ecological Interactions: Effects on Species Distribution, Abundance, and Evolution

Explore the various ecological interactions such as competition, predation, mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism, and understand how these interactions impact the distribution, abundance, and evolution of species.

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Ecological Interactions: Effects on Species Distribution, Abundance, and Evolution

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  1. Population – group of individuals of the same species living in the same area, potentially interacting Community – group of populations of different species living in the same area, potentially interacting What are some ecological interactions?

  2. Why are ecological interactions important? Interactions can affect where an organism lives (distribution) and how many there are (abundance). Interactions can influence evolution or adaptation. Think about how the following interactions can affect distribution, abundance, and evolution.

  3. Types of ecological interactions competition predation parasitism mutualism commensalism symbiosis

  4. Competition – two species share a requirement for a limited resource  reduces fitness of one or both species Trees competing for sun Mice competing for food

  5. Competition – two species share a requirement for a limited resource  reduces fitness of one or both species American Bison Competing for a female.

  6. predation – 1 species hunts, kills and eats another species 1 species benefits and other species life is lost. Herbivory predation

  7. Mutualism – two species provide resources or services to each other  enhances fitness of both species bacteria and plant roots: the bacteria changes nitrogen gas into usable nitrogen and the plants roots provide nutrients for t bacteria to survive. Fungus (base) and algae(nutrients) produce lichens. Ants aerate and soil which helps with drainage and turning the soil. (cultivating) Clown fish and sea anenome

  8. Parasitism – one species feeds on another  enhances fitness of parasite but reduces fitness of host Hookworm in animal feces Tick Corn Blight caused by a fungus. mistletoe Head lice

  9. Commensalism – one species receives a benefit from another species  enhances fitness of one species; no effect on fitness of the other species Tree limb provides a base for growth. Ray provides transport

  10. Symbiosis – two species live together  can include parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism

  11. predation herbivory parasitism commensalism commensalism competition predation herbivory parasitism competition competition Organizing ecological interactions effect on species 1 + 0 - + 0 - mutualism effect on species 2

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