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Production Cross-Sections of Radionuclides in Proton- and Heavy Ion-Induced Reactions

This presentation provides an overview of proton and heavy-ion induced reactions, their importance for ISOL applications, and measurements of production cross-sections at GSI. It also includes examples of determining ISOLDE extraction efficiencies.

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Production Cross-Sections of Radionuclides in Proton- and Heavy Ion-Induced Reactions

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  1. Production Cross-Sections of Radionuclides in Proton- and Heavy Ion-Induced Reactions Strahinja Lukić

  2. Overview • Proton- and heavy ion-induced reactions – basic ideas • Why are proton- and heavy ion-induced reactions important for ISOL applications? • Measurements of production cross-sections for these reactions at GSI • Application example – Determination of ISOLDE extraction efficiencies TARGISOL Winter School 2005 - S. Lukić

  3. Basic Ideas • The appropriate reaction is one of the crucial issues for the production of specific ISOL beams. • Specific types of reactions populate specific regions of the chart of the nuclides TARGISOL Winter School 2005 - S. Lukić

  4. Basic Ideas • High-energy collision • First stage leading to the formation of an excited prefragment • Deexcitation by particle and γ-ray emission... • ... or fission TARGISOL Winter School 2005 - S. Lukić

  5. Basic Ideas • During particle emission from heavy nuclei, neutrons are more often emitted than protons. • Spallation and fragmentation populate proton-rich regions of the chart • Fission fragments tend to retain the neutron to proton ratio of the fissioning nucleus. • Fission populates neutron-rich regions of the chart TARGISOL Winter School 2005 - S. Lukić

  6. Measurements in Inverse Kinematics at GSI Direct kinematics – focus on what happens to the target: • Prefered concept for the ion beam production • Part of the produced residues stop in the target A B Inverse kinematics – focus on what happens to the beam • Allows fast residue separation and measurement of almost all residues production cross-sections B A TARGISOL Winter School 2005 - S. Lukić

  7. Measurements in Inverse Kinematics at GSI The Fragment Separator s ≈ 36 m • A/Z identified by (Bρ)2 and ToF in FRS • Z identified by ΔE in ionization chamber TARGISOL Winter School 2005 - S. Lukić

  8. Measurements in Inverse Kinematics at GSI Residue Identification 136Xe + Pb at 1A GeV TARGISOL Winter School 2005 - S. Lukić

  9. Measurements in Inverse Kinematics at GSI J. Taïeb et al., NPA 724 (2003) 413 M. Bernas et al., NPA 725 (2003) 213 M.V. Ricciardi, PhD thesis T. Enquist et al., NPA 658 (1999) 47 Nuclear models benchmarked against these data can be used to predict cross-sections in other energy regions TARGISOL Winter School 2005 - S. Lukić

  10. Production Cross-Sections – Model Calculations GSI calculation code ABRABLA was benchmarked against the measured data for various reactions TARGISOL Winter School 2005 - S. Lukić

  11. ISOLDE Extraction Efficiencies The case of production of Br isotopes in UC and Nb targets • Extraction Efficiencies expressed as the Release per Primary production Ratio (RPR) disentangled from the yields • RPR follow the general trend of the secondary isotope half-life • Bromine is created by fission in U and by spallation in Nb F. Gevaert, maîtrise rapport, Univ. Bordeaux (2002) TARGISOL Winter School 2005 - S. Lukić

  12. Additional Slides TARGISOL Winter School 2005 - S. Lukić

  13. Conclusions • The appropriate reaction is one of the crucial issues for the production of specific ISOL beams. • Inverse kinematics experiments at the FRS are an important tool for fundamental measurements related to ISOL applications. TARGISOL Winter School 2005 - S. Lukić

  14. Production Mechanisms - Fission • Competes as the exit channel in either proton or heavy ion-induced reactions when the target is fissile • Can also be induced by electromagnetic interactions in nucleus-nucleus collisions resulting in the production of very neutron-rich nuclides TARGISOL Winter School 2005 - S. Lukić

  15. The GSI Facility • Universal linear accelerator (UNILAC) • Heavy-ion synchrotron (SIS) • Fragment separator (FRS) • Experimental storage ring (ESR) TARGISOL Winter School 2005 - S. Lukić

  16. Fragment Separator (MUSIC) • A/Z identified by (Bρ)2 and ToF in FRS • Z identified by ΔE in ionization chamber • Z and A are integers and, thus, exactly known → • Velocity precisely determined by (Bρ)1 • Relative precision 5·10-4 TARGISOL Winter School 2005 - S. Lukić

  17. Charge Determination by MUSIC 136Xe + Pb at 1A GeV TARGISOL Winter School 2005 - S. Lukić

  18. Identification of the Final Residues 136Xe + Pb at 1A GeV TARGISOL Winter School 2005 - S. Lukić

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