بسم الله الرحمن الرحیم

1. بسم الله الرحمن الرحیم

2. Living things Kingdom Metazoa(many-celledanimals) 1- Animalia: Protozoa(sigle-celled animals) 2-Plants 3- Protista 4- Monera 5-Fungi

3. Protozoa • Definition: • Number: • Size: • Form: • ectoplasm(gel state) • cytoplasm • endoplasm(sol state) • Body of protozoa: protoplasm • nucleoplasm

4. Nucleus: • reproduction • Containing chromosomes: • transmission of genes • Type of nucleus: 1- vesicular n. 2- compact or graular n. 3- bi-nuclated: similar: • dissimilar n. : macro & micronucleus • 4- multi-nuclated:

5. Protection of the organism Locomotor apparatus Food ingestion Respiration Discharge of metabolic wastes containing ; mitochondria,golgi,... Food synthesis Glycogen vacuoles & chromatidal bodies Food vacuoles Excretory vacuoles(collection of fluid wastes) Contractive vacuoles(maintain osmotic pressure) Ectoplasm Function Endoplasm Function

6. Vital function • 1-Locomotion: locomotory organelles; • 1-1 Pseudopodia 1-2 Cilia 1-3 Flagellum • 1-4 Undulating membran 1-5 without l.organell(gliding movement) • 2-Respiration: aerobic(blood & tissue pro.) • micro-aerophilic(intestinal pro.) • 3- Nutrition: - liquid absorbtion - cell mouth(cytostome) • -pinocytosis - cell anus (cytopyge) • -phagocytosis

7. Asexual: 1- Binary-fission : (amaebae) 2-Budding or Endodiogeny : Coccidia 3- Schizogony(merogony) : plasmodium Sexual: 1- Syngamy: Free-flagellates 2- Sprogony : Malaria parasites 3-Conjugation: Ciliata Reproductionof protozoa

8. Trophozoite transmission: (e.g.; Enta. Gingivalis) Encystment factors: -defieciency or overabundance of food supply -excess of catabolic products PH changes ………………… ………………….. Cyst transmission: 1-Free-living protozoa 2-Parasitic protozoa Excystment factors: -osmotic changes -enzymatic action -host enzymes ………………. …………………… Life cycleof protozoa

9. Kingdom protista(classification of protozoa) • Subk.: Protozoa • phylum:Apicomplexa Ciliophora Sarcomstigophora Microspora • Subph:Sarcodina Mastigophora (Amebae) (Flagellates) Parasitic Amebae Free-living Amebae Family: Endamoebidae Leptomyxidae Acanthamoebidae Vahlkampfidae Genus: Entamoeba Iodamoeba Endolimax gingivalis butschlii nana Sp. Hartmani histolytica coli dispare

10. Parasitic Amebae • Characters of the genus Entamoeba : • - possession a vesicular nucleus • -small karyosome located at or near center of nucleus • Varying number of peripheral chromatin granules attached to the nuclear membrane

11. Entamoeba gingivalis(non-pathogen) • -Prevalance rate:… to 90% of dental patient • 10% of person with good oral hygiene • Live site • Morphology • Diagnosis: may be mistaken for E.histolytica from a pulmonary abscess

12. Entamoeba coli(non-pathogen) • Prevalance: 1 to 50% • Morphology: trophozoite range 15-50µm • - cytoplasm containing • Pseudopodia • Motility: • *nucleus • *karyosome • *peripheral chromatin

13. Entamoeba hartmani • *small race of E.histolytica (morphologic similarity) • *only clear-cut distinction between the two species is size • *tr0phozoite ingest bacteria but no RBC • *size: trophozoite < 12 mμ , cyst < 10 mμ

14. Entamoeba dispare : *There is no morphologic differences between this amoeba with E.histolytica*This amoeba no ingest RBC Iodamoeba butschlii : *Trophozoite size(4-20μm) *Cyst size(9-10 μm )

15. Endolimax nana • *most common of the smaller intestinal amaeba • *Size • *Motility • movement • *Cytoplasm • *Cyst:

16. Free-Living Amebae(Opp0rtuistic Amebae) Family:Vahlkampfiidae Acathamoebidae Leptomyxidae Genus:Naegleria Acanthamoeba Balamuthia Species:fowleri castellani mandrillaris gruberie calbertsoni aerobia polyphaga Habitat: in fresh, brackish and salt water, moist soil and decaying vegetation History: Human infection were first reported by Fowler in 1965 Geographic distribution: The most cases were reported from; USA, Australia, Czech, Oslovakia, Belgium, India,…….. Epidemiology: Most cases have occurred during summer in young persons who swam or dived in swimming pools and during the ritual washing before prayer

17. Naegleria fowleri • Morphology , Biology and Life cycle: • flagellate form • *Life cycle stage consist: -motile trophozoite: • -nonmotile cysts ameboid form • *Reproduction: simple binary fission • *Ameboid form: found in tissue , in motion; is elongate, broad anteriorly, distinctly tapered posteriorly, forms a single pseudopod, dimensions 7 by 20μm • With a nucleus contain a large central karyosome • *Flagellate form: with two flagella, pear-shaped, do not divided • *Cyst form: uninucleate, circular 7-10μm in diameter, • nucleus is similar to troph.

18. Naegleria forms

19. Naegleria cyst & trophozoite

20. Life cycle

21. Symptoms and pathogeesis • Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis(P.A.M.) : • Symptoms; headache, fever, nausea • and vomiting accompanied by signs • of meningitis with involvement of the • olfactory, frontal, temporal, and • cerebral areas • Death : occurs early; the entire • clinical course seldom extends • beyond 3 to 6 days.

22. Acanthamoeba( Hartmanella) spp. • Morhology, Biology and Life cycle: • These amebae are similar in appearance to the ameboid stage of Naegleria but have no flagellate stage. • Cyst & Trophozoite may be found in tissue, but cysts are never seen in Naegleria infections. • Pseudopods are acanth forms

23. Acanthamoeba trophozoite

24. Free-living Amebae Life Cycle

25. Symptoms & Pathogenesis • Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis( GAE): • *Invasion of the CNS is not associated with swimming but is secondary to infection elsewhere in the body . • Amebae reach the brain by way of blood stream, likely from lung or through ulcer the skin or mucosa • Occurs most often in debilitated or immunocompromised persons • A. astronyxis and A. palestinensis associated only with CNS infection • Acanthamoeba Keratitis: • * Affects healthy person, increase in the number of cases in the recent years has been linked to the wearing of contact lenses, especially soft ones. • A. polyphaga and A.hatchetti only with eye infection. • Chronic granulomatous infection of the skin • A. castellani, A. culbertsoni ,….. Have causea both CNS and eye infections

27. Keratitis

28. Diagnosis of PAM and GAE:*A patient’s history of having been swimming in water 3 to 6 days prior to onset of symptoms of PAM suggest a possible diagnosis. *is made by microscopic identification of living or Wright-stained amebae in the patient’s CSF or trophozoites and cysts of Acanth. In brain tisse. * by cultivation of cerebrospinal fluid in medium non-nutrient agar seeded with living Escherichia coli for PAM and corneal scraping cultured for Acanth. Keratitis. • Treatment: At present there is no satisfactory treatment fir PAM and GAE. • *Amphotericin B, is administered intravenously in large doses; 1 to 1.5 mģ/kg body weight daily for 3 days, followed by 1 mg/kg daily for 6 days. • *Miconazole and Rifampin are other alternative drugs.