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Cultural practices in grain storage

Cultural practices in grain storage. BAE 2023 Lecture 18 March 5, 2012 Jasreen K Sekhon. Grain Production in the World: Statistics . http://www.agrostats.com/world-statistic/world-production-statistics.html. U.S. Crop Standards.

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Cultural practices in grain storage

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  1. Cultural practices in grain storage BAE 2023 Lecture 18 March 5, 2012 Jasreen K Sekhon

  2. Grain Production in the World: Statistics http://www.agrostats.com/world-statistic/world-production-statistics.html

  3. U.S. Crop Standards Holland, T. 2011. Overview of Sample Surveys for Forecasting & Estimating U.S. Crops. Regional Workshop on Sampling for Agricultural Surveys, Uruguay. BAE 2023 Physical Properties of Biological Materials

  4. Post Harvest Losses (PHL) BAE 2023 Physical Properties of Biological Materials

  5. % Post Harvest Losses (PHL) According to the FAO, about 30 million metric tons of corn, 20 million metric tons of wheat, and nearly 3 million metric tons of soybeans – with an aggregate value estimated at more than US$14 billion – went to waste  worldwide in 2007 Gustavsson, J., C. Cederberg, R. V. Otterdijik, and A. Meybeck. 2011. Global food losses and food waste-extent, causes and prevention. FAO of United Nations. Rome

  6. Reasons for PHL in the storage • Poor product coming into storage • Poor storage structures • Poor storage management BAE 2023 Physical Properties of Biological Materials

  7. but, Why Store? Even out fluctuations in market supply, from one season to the next and from one year to the next, by taking produce off the market in surplus seasons, and releasing it back onto the market in lean seasons BAE 2023 Physical Properties of Biological Materials

  8. Who Stores? • Farmers • Future consumption • Seed • Future cash • Traders • Government • Food security reserve • Price stabilization stock • National storage reserves BAE 2023 Physical Properties of Biological Materials

  9. Quality characteristics of stored grain The condition of stored grain is determined by a complex interaction between (Lacey, 1988): • Grain • Macro-environment • Micro-environment, and • Variety of organisms- microorganisms, insects, mites, rodents and birds BAE 2023 Physical Properties of Biological Materials

  10. Quality characteristics of stored grains Intrinsic • Color • Composition • Bulk density • Aroma/Odor • Size/shape • Induced quality • Age • Broken grain • Chalky or immature • Foreign matter • Infested, infected grain • Mixed varieties • Moisture content BAE 2023 Physical Properties of Biological Materials

  11. Purpose of a Storage Facility The purpose of any grain storage facility is to prevent grain quality loss from weather, wind and moisture; rodents, birds and insects, and microorganisms BAE 2023 Physical Properties of Biological Materials

  12. What is required of a good storage system • Prevention of moisture re-entering the grain after drying • Maintenance of temperature and humidity by aeration • Barrier to insects, rodents and birds • Good Sanitation practices • Ease of loading and unloading • Efficient use of space and ease of maintenance and management • Monitoring! BAE 2023 Physical Properties of Biological Materials

  13. Good Management Practices • Pre-harvest Practices • Sanitation: bin and handling equipment preparation; bin treatments • Grain treatment: protectants (Melathion, Chlorpyrifos- methyl) • Surface dressing (Melathion, Reldan, Bacillus thuringiensis) • Fumigation (Phosphine) • Post-harvest Operations • Monitoring • Aeration BAE 2023 Physical Properties of Biological Materials

  14. On Farm vs. Off Farm Storage • Fixed Cost: cost of owning the facility • Variable Cost: cost incurred during grain storage Most often On-farm storage is not preferred BAE 2023 Physical Properties of Biological Materials

  15. On Farm Storage: Cylindrical Metal/Wooden bins • Flat floor bins: non-aerated with flat concrete or metal floors • False-floor bins: rounded metal structure typically with a ground-level floor made of concrete and a metal, fully perforated floor located 12” above the concrete floor to allow air movement through the grain mass. Drying bins are false-floor bins • Hopper bottom bins equipped for aeration

  16. Commercial Grain Storage: Bucket elevators • 1842 Wooden Bucket elevators (Steam boilers) • Wood readily available • but, Fire Hazard • 1897 Steal & Concrete Bucket elevators (Electric)

  17. Commercial Grain Storage: Bucket Elevators Enid Terminal Grain Elevators Historic District (1925-1959) Oklahoma Largest grain storage capacity (80,000,00 Bu) in the US, and third largest in the World BAE 2023 Physical Properties of Biological Materials

  18. Commercial Storage: Large Metal bins Roll formed 8 – 5 gauge thick steel with tensile strength of 483Mpa with Capacity up to 730,000 Bu – 1 million Bu BAE 2023 Physical Properties of Biological Materials

  19. Commercial storage: Large bins, Silos Bin Flooring Hopper Bottom Bin Flat Bottom Bin

  20. India • PHL in food grains 8-12% in 2009-10 • On farm storage more common because 70% of farmers produce for their own consumption • Traditional methods: Underground or Above ground storage • Bagged Storage (40-50 kg/bag) • Off farm storage: Bulk Storage http://www.fao.org/wairdocs/x5002e/X5002e02.htm BAE 2023 Physical Properties of Biological Materials

  21. India: Post Harvest Handling of Grains Bagging FCI Godowns Harvesting Selling Transportation Threshing

  22. Traditional Underground Storage BAE 2023 Physical Properties of Biological Materials

  23. Traditional Above ground storage structures BAE 2023 Physical Properties of Biological Materials

  24. Traditional Above ground storage Kotha, Punjab, India Mud, animal waste, straw: Grain Storage AP, India BAE 2023 Physical Properties of Biological Materials

  25. On Farm Grain Storage • Pusa Bin: LDPE sandwiched bin • Coal-tar drum Bin • Domestic Hapur Bin Domestic Hapur Bin (200- 1000 kg) Pusa Bin BAE 2023 Physical Properties of Biological Materials

  26. Bulk Storage of Grains FCI godowns: brick walls with concrete flooring Cover and Plinth (CAP) Storage: concrete flooring with polyethylene cover Punjab: lost 16,500 tones of wheat between 2007-2009 Silos: Concrete/Metal

  27. Traditional Bag Storage (Indonesia) BAE 2023 Physical Properties of Biological Materials

  28. Granary (Laos) BAE 2023 Physical Properties of Biological Materials

  29. Concrete Bin (Bhutan) BAE 2023 Physical Properties of Biological Materials

  30. Wednesday Lab Work!Due March 19th, 2012 • Each Lab Group: Select a country and review its methods for handling and storage of grains • Report: post harvest handling of grains; % PHL; traditional storage vs present storage systems • Prepare PowerPoint presentation • The PowerPoint should have enough information (include references) that it provides good information without a speech going along with it  • Submit to: jasreen@okstate.edu; and copy to jcarol@okstate.edu BAE 2023 Physical Properties of Biological Materials

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