Conflicts in the Colonies: Trouble on the Frontier and Consequences of the French and Indian War

1. Chapter 6 Conflicts in the Colonies (1675-1774)

2. Chapter 6Conflicts in the Colonies(1675 – 1774) Section 1 Trouble on the Frontier

3. Colonists’ Relations with American Indians • Metacomet nicknamed King Philip opposed the colonists’ efforts to take his people’s land • Colonists were afraid he wanted to destroy them • King Philip’s War • Colonial militia with the help American Indian trading partners fought American Indian warriors • Both sides attacked each other’s settlements • Approximately 3,000 Indians, 600 colonists killed • Some American Indians allied with colonists (based on trade) • Indian leaders wanted tools, weapons and other goods; colonists wanted furs • French traded with Algonquian and Huron; English traded with the Iroquois League • French trusted more than English • Smaller French settlements less threatening than rapidly growing English colonies

4. Conflicts with France • Series of wars between England and France over who would dominate Europe and North America: • King William’s War • 1689 – 1697 • Did not change colonial boundaries in North America • Queen Anne’s War • 1702 – 1713 • England fighting both France and Spain • In the colonies, England and France had American Indian allies • English captured Port Royal (French Canada); burned St. Augustine (Spanish settlement) • Treaty that ended war gave England Hudson Bay, Newfoundland and Nova Scotia from France • King George’s War – 1740s – had little lasting effect on colonies

5. Conflicts with France (continued) • Great Britain and France continued to compete for the Ohio Valley and Great Lakes • British wanted to settle region; French believed settlement would harm their fur trade • French built three forts in the Ohio Valley on land claimed by the colony of Virginia • British colonists felt that the French were keeping them from expanding west • 1753 Virginia demanded France give up forts • British colonists knew they were poorly organized; fighting French would be dangerous; needed a strong united colonial leadership • 1754 – seven delegates were sent to Albany, New York to make a treaty with the Iroquois League • Albany Plan of Union – called for all colonies except Georgia to unite – one of the authors was Benjamin Franklin • Colonies and parliament rejected the Albany Plan

6. The French and Indian War • British began building a fort along the Ohio River while the delegates were meeting in Albany • French drove them off and built Fort Duquesne on the site • George Washington arrived with more soldiers and built a simple fort – Fort Necessity • French attacked Fort Necessity and forced Washington to surrender • His defeat in 1754 marked the start of the French and Indian War • Fighting began in Europe in 1756 (Seven Years’ War)

7. The French and Indian War (continued) • General Edward Braddock sent to command British forces in North America – fought an alliance of French and American Indian troops • Knew little about frontier fighting – led to disaster when he attacked Fort Duquesne in 1755 • Turning point in the war = 1759 – General James Wolfe captured Quebec (capital of New France) • Fighting continued until 1763 – Britain won most of the important battles

8. The Treaty of Paris • Signed by Great Britain and France in 1763 – officially ended the war • Redrew the political map of North America • Canada and all French lands east of the Mississippi River (except the city of New Orleans) given to the British • British received Florida from Spain (who had allied with the French) • Treaty of Paris changed the balance of power in North America – Britain had a claim to almost all land east of the Mississippi • Spain was the only other European nation with land in N. America

9. Chapter 6Conflicts in the Colonies(1675 – 1774) Section 2 Consequences of the French and Indian War

10. The Frontier • Settlers slowly moved in the Virginia and Carolina backcountry or frontier • Pioneers – first Europeans to settle the frontier • Risked attacks from American Indians who resisted settlement on their land • little colonial settlement in Kentucky and Tennessee until the 1770s • Pioneers crossed Appalachians farther to the north • Moved into forested lands along the Ohio River (1750s) • Soil in the Ohio River valley good for farming; full of wild game • Fear of native attacks kept settlements small and isolation • After the French and Indian War, more settlers began crossing the Appalachians

11. Conflict in the Ohio River Valley • Great Britain replaced France as the European power in the Ohio River valley • British believed they were entitled to all land France had controlled – including all of American Indian lands in the Ohio River valley and Great Lakes region • Wanted to build settlements which led to problems between British and American Indian leaders • American Indian leaders had not signed treaties with the British and did not recognize the treaty between Britain and France • Pontiac’s Rebellion began May 1763 when American Indians attacked British forts on the frontier • Leader of rebellion = Pontiac • Destroyed or captured 7 forts at the beginning, but failures (unsuccessful attacks) led to surrender in 1766

12. The Proclamation of 1763 • British leaders feared more fighting on the frontier • Conflicts would disrupt trade and force Britain to spend money on defense • King George III (Britain) issued the Proclamation of 1763 which banned the British from settling west of the Appalachians • Created a border between colonial and American Indian lands • Ordered colonists from upper Ohio River valley to leave • Proclamation was difficult to enforce • Most people who wanted to trade or settle in the valley ignored it; colonial settlement expanded west of the Appalachians • Disregard for the Proclamation showed their increasing unhappiness with British attempts to control them

13. Chapter 6Conflicts in the Colonies(1675 – 1774) Section 3 Trouble over Colonists’ Rights

14. Raising Taxes • Had to pay for French and Indian War • Had to keep army in North America to protect colonists against American Indian attacks • Prime Minister George Grenville asked Parliament to tax colonists • Sugar Act – 1764 – set duties on molasses and sugar imported by colonists; first act passed specifically to raise money (rather than regulate trade) in the colonies • Colonies not allowed to print their own money • Vice-admiralty courts given greater powers to punish smugglers – no juries, treated guilty until proven innocent

15. Taxation without Representation • James Otis – lawyer from Boston – one of the first colonists to protest taxation by Parliament • No one had asked colonists if they wanted to be taxed • Colonists had no direct representatives in Parliament; had little influence on their decisions • Samuel Adams – agreed with Otis; their ideas helped spread the slogan “Taxation without Representation” • Committees of Correspondence – (Samuel Adams helped start) – established contact between the colonies, shared information about new British laws and ways to challenge them • Boycott = popular protest method

16. The Stamp Act • Grenville proposed the Stamp Act (1765 - British citizens paid similar tax) • Affected most colonists • Required colonists to pay for an official stamp, or seal, whenever they bought paper items • Legal documents, licenses, newspapers, pamphlets, even playing cards • First effort to raise money by taxing colonists directly • Sons of Liberty – secret societies formed in places such as New York and Massachusetts • Samuel Adams helped to organize in Boston • Sometimes used violence to scare tax collectors • Many colonial courts shut down because people refused to buy the stamps required for legal documents • Patrick Henry presented resolutions to the Virginia House of Burgesses that stated the Stamp Act violated the rights of the colonists as British citizens • Stamp act denied the accused trial by jury

17. Repealing the Stamp Act • In Boston, members of the Massachusetts legislature called for a Stamp Act Congress after Virginia House of Burgesses supported some of Patrick Henry’s resolutions • October 1765 – delegates from 9 colonies met in New York • Issued a declaration that the Stamp Act violated their rights and liberties; asked Parliament to repeal the act • Benjamin Franklin spoke before Parliament asking for the act to be repealed • Act repealed in 1766 (supported by Parliament member William Pitt) • Parliament issued the Declaratory Act – stated Parliament had the power to make laws for the colonies in all cases

18. Chapter 6Conflicts in the Colonies(1675 – 1774) Section 4 New Taxes and Tensions

19. The Townshend Acts • Townshend Acts (June 1767) – placed duties on imported glass, lead, paint, paper, and tea • Money paid for military costs and salaries of colonial governors • Payments violated the guarantee of having no standing army in peacetime without colonists’ consent • British officials used writs of assistance to enforce – allowed tax collectors to search for smuggled goods • Colonists responded by boycotting British goods – method of protest supported by the Daughters of Liberty • In February 1768, tax collectors seized the Liberty (suspected of smuggling) owned by John Hancock who opposed the Townshend Acts • Sons of Liberty supported Hancock; began to attack houses of customs officials in protest • Governor Francis Bernard broke up the Massachusetts legislature; asked troops to restore order; British soldiers arrived October 1768

20. The Boston Massacre • Many Bostonians believed troops were there to silence critics • March 5, 1770 – a British soldier standing guard got into a fight with a colonist • A crowd gathered around the soldier; threw snowballs, shouted insults • Small group of troops arrived and fired into the crowd killing several colonists (Crispus Attucks, James Calwell, Patrick Carr) • Samuel Adams and others used propaganda against the British – called the shootings the Boston Massacre • Soldiers and their officer charged with murder; lawyers Josiah Quincy and John Adams argued and a Boston jury agreed they acted in self-defense

21. A Tax on Tea • Parliament repealed almost all Townshend Acts (to reduce tensions) but kept the tax on tea • Demand for tea was high in the colonies despite the boycott; colonies smuggling to avoid duties • British East India Company offered to sell its tea directly to colonies and charge less hoping to lead to less smuggling and more collection of taxes • Tea Act passed by Parliament in 1773 • Colonial merchants and smugglers feared cheap tea would put them out of business; others feared a British East India Company monopoly • Boston Tea Party – 3 ships carrying tea in Boston Harbor; Sons of Liberty demanded they leave; governor would not allow them to leave without paying duty; colonists dressed as American Indians dumped tea into the water

22. The Intolerable Acts • Intolerable Acts (Coercive Acts) – passed in spring of 1774 to punish Massachusetts for Boston Tea Party • Several effects: • Boston Harbor closed until Boston paid for lost tea • Massachusetts charter canceled; governor decided if and when legislature could meet • Royal officials accused of crimes sent to Britain for trial; more friendly judge and jury • Quartering Act forced colonists to quarter, or house and supply, British soldier • General Thomas Gage became the new governor of Massachusetts • British hoped they would restore order; only made people more angry