Do Now

1. Do Now • Sit SILENTLY and answer the following questions in your notes. Be sure to write today’s date to ensure you are properly organizing your notebooks for effective studying. • Describe how Christmas break was for you and include what you enjoyed most about it. • What do you look forward to most this coming semester?

2. Water Quality, Pollution, & Treatment Science 8 By : Mr. Miller Standards: 8.E.1.3 – 8.E.1.4

3. Objective • SWBAT: Identify the different sources of pollution and how we treat and clean polluted water

4. What is Pollution? A pollutantis any substance or form of energy that can cause harm to the environment and make it unfit for organisms. Two types of water pollution: • Point Source • Non-Point Source

5. Water Pollution Sources • Point Source-you know the one source of pollution; it is identified; easier to detect and control • Non-point Source-comes from many sources that can not be easily identified; harder to control

6. Point-Source examples: • Pipe from Sewage Plant • Pipe from Industrial Factory

7. Point-Source examples:

8. Point-Source examples: • Oil Tanker Spill

9. Stop and Check #1 • Why are these examples of point source pollution?

10. Non-Point Source examples: • RUNOFF!!! • Water comes from across a large, more diffuse area of land • From…farms, lawns, parking lots, streets, construction sites, acid rain from air pollution, etc.

11. Non-Point Source examples:

12. Non-Point Source examples:

13. Non-Point Source examples:

14. Non-Point Source examples:

15. Biomagnification/Bioaccumulation • Pollution gets into smaller organisms • Amount builds up as it gets passed up food chain • Chemicals could end up in food eaten by humans

16. North Carolina Main Sources of Water Pollution • Sedimentation – increases turbidity • Erosion • Development • Agriculture – tilling soil, irrigation, livestock • Nutrient Pollution – increases Nitrate & Phosphate levels in water •  Increases Algae Lowers Oxygen • Fertilizers run off in storm water • Fecal Coliform Bacteria from animal feces

17. Water Treatment • Sewage Treatment Plants • Process raw waste & get water ready to enter back into rivers • 1.) Sludge separated, chlorine used to kill harmful bacteria • 2.) Oxygen & sludge-eating bacteria used • Septic Systems • Small wastewater system used by home or business in rural area • Sludge consumed by bacteria • Cleaner water exits & spreads into ground

18. Septic System

19. Stop and Check #2 • Which water treatment practice is cleaner? Why?

20. Water Treatment • Drinking Water Treatment Plants: • 1. Water piped in from river or lake • 2. Flows through mixers, clumping agents & chemical disinfectants added • 3. Clarifying pool separates large particles • 4. Filters separate tiny particles of dust & dirt • 5. Chlorine used to kill bacteria • 6. Clean water goes to water storage tank

22. Stop and Check #3 • What is an unintended additive that can enter the urban water supply? (HINT: Think about how the water has to travel to storage towers and homes and buildings)

23. EPA • The Environmental Protection Agency sets and enforces water quality standards for wastewater, pollution & drinking water. • Focuses on protection of surface freshwater resources

24. What can we do to help?! • Pick up pet waste • Pick up litter • Plant vegetation • Dispose of chemicals & wastewater appropriately • Reduce amount of water used

25. Exit Ticket • What are the 2 types of pollution? (I also want a description of each, not just a definition!) • What are the two types of water treatment methods and in your own words describe which you believe to be a better way to clean our water? • Regardless of which method is better for cleaning our water, what are some action steps you can take to prevent water from becoming so polluted?

26. Water Quality Indicators

27. Objective • SWBAT: Describe the different water quality indicators • SWBAT: Infer how humans impact water systems and quality • SWBAT: Connect the different indicators and describe how they affect each other and the animals living in those environments.

28. What are water quality indicators? • Water quality indicators tell us how pure a sample of water is by measuring how many substances are dissolved or mixed in with the water. • They are a set of indicators that people routinely test to determine the safety of drinking water as well as measuring environmental impact by humans.

29. What water quality indicators can tell us… • Water quality determines the sustenance of ecosystems and human activity including: agriculture, fishing, and recreation, as well as public health of human societies. Water quality testing supports healthy environments in which rich and varied communities of organisms can be found. The importance of monitoring and maintaining water quality cannot be overstated.

30. Stop and Check #1 • What human activities could lead to the need to test water quality in the first place?

31. How we measure water quality indicators PARTS PER MILLION Most dissolved substances found in water are measured in parts per million (ppm) or even smaller amounts. This means that for every one million parts (units) of water there is a certain number of parts of the substance.

32. Concentrations of certain substances are also measured in parts per billion, parts per trillion and so on. These are very small amounts but certain substances can be harmful even at these very low concentrations.

33. Water Quality Indicators We will now take a look at the water quality indicators.

34. #1 ALKALINITY Alkalinityrefers to the water’s ability to neutralize acids. Alkalinity is produced by minerals such as limestone. Limestone is a type of ocean sediment composed of calcium carbonate.

35. Limestone bedrock areas often have caves and sinkholes, known as Karst. Water with low alkalinity is usually acidic.

36. #2 Ammonia • Ammonia is produced by the decay of organic matter and animal waste. • Ammonia is toxic to most aquatic life, especially at high pH. • Bacteria readily convert ammonia to nitrate. (a plant nutrient)

37. Ammonia Ammonia is a form of nitrogen and part of the Nitrogen Cycle.

38. #3 BACTERIA Most bacteria are important in nutrient and other organic cycles. Excess nutrients cause algal blooms. As algae die and decay, the high bacterial load rapidly consumes dissolved oxygen.

39. Certain types of bacteria indicate animal and human waste pollution. Escherichia coli are coliform bacteriafound in the intestines of warm-blooded organisms. Most strains are harmless but one E.coli strain can cause severe diarrhea and kidney damage.

40. Stop and Check #2 • What human activities could contribute to an increase in ammonia and bacteria? • Since nitrates provide plants with food, what other process could happen as a result of increased ammonia that could be detrimental to the lake or pond?

41. # 4 DISSOLVED OXYGEN Dissolved oxygen is a product of photosynthesis and diffusion. The warmer the water, the less oxygen it can hold. Why do you think that is?

42. DISSOLVED OXYGEN Most organisms need at least 5 or 6 ppm of oxygen in order to survive. Even cold water rarely contains more than 15 ppm. Summer is often a time of oxygen stress for aquatic organisms.

43. Stop and Check #3 • What do you think are the major contributors of dissolved oxygen in water ecosystems? • How can these organisms be bad for the water ecosystem?

44. #5 CONDUCTIVITY Conductivity measures the water’s ability to conduct an electrical current. Pure water is a poor conductor. Why do you think that is?

45. CONDUCTIVITY The addition of dissolved solids, especially salts, increases the conductivity of water. Electrical current is measured using a conductivity meter.

46. # 6 HARDNESS Hardness refers to the concentration of calcium and magnesium in water. Hard water has high concentrations of these elements. Soft water has low concentrations. Water hardness often originates from limestone.

47. Stop and Check #4 • If water hardness is due to water coming into contact with limestone, what other water quality indicator could we measure? • Why does it make sense that we can measure this other quality of water? (HINT: think about where the elements that cause water hardness are on the periodic table and what group they are in.)

48. HARDNESS Area of the U.S. with limestone bedrock have hard water. Hard Water

49. Exit Ticket • Describe how ammonia affects water quality and why it is important to test for it. • Describe how oxygen levels can be increased or decreased in a water system. • What are the main contributing ELEMENTS to water hardness? Where does water usually get more of these elements?

50. # 7 NITRATE Nitrate is a primary plant nutrient. Nitrate is water soluble and moves easily from surface to groundwater. Excess nitrate causes algal blooms that reduce water quality.