“RESERVOIR ENGINEERING”

1. “RESERVOIR ENGINEERING” MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY Departmentof Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering Dr. Mahmut Parlaktuna Res. Assist. Sevtaç Bülbül Spring 2008

2. RESERVOIR ENGINEERING • A reservoiris formed of one (ormore) subsurfacerockformations, containingliquidand/ orgaseoushydrocarbons, of sedimentaryorigin. • Thereservoirrock is porous andpermeableandboundedbyimpermeablebarriers, whichtraphydrocarbons. A cross-section of a typical hydrocarbon reservoir • (R. Cosse, Basics of Reservoir Engineering, 1993)

3. RESERVOIR ENGINEERING • Reservoir engineeringis concernedwith: • producing oil and gas reservoirs in such a way that the economicrecovery is maximized, and • the rate at which the petroleum is produced is maximized.

4. RESERVOIR ENGINEERING • Reservoir engineerdeals with: • Control of amount of gas & water produced with oil • Proper placement of wells • Use of proper distance between wells • Injection of water or other fluids into the reservoir and many other means are used to help to maximize the oil.

5. RESERVOIR ENGINEERING • Image of thereservoir: forms, boundaries, distributionandvolumes of fluids • Wellcharacteristics: e.g.averagepermeability • Recoverymechanisms: naturaldrive, enhancedoilrecovery • ReservoirSimulation: Integratingthereservoir data andflowlawscomputer models to predict the flow of fluids • (R. Cosse, Basics of Reservoir Engineering, 1993)

6. Reservoir Simulation • (R. Cosse, Basics of Reservoir Engineering, 1993)

7. Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) • After a well has used up the reservoir's natural drives and gas lift or pumps have recovered all the hydrocarbons possible, statistics show that 25 to 95% of the original oil in the reservoir may still be there. • This amount of oil can be worth recovering if prices are high enough. 

8. Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) Enhanced Oil Recovery; • is the recovery of oil from a reservoir using means other than using the natural reservoir pressure. • generally results in increased amounts of producedoil • Its purpose is not only to restore formationpressure, but also to improve oil displacement or fluid flow in the reservoir.

9. Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) • Secondary recovery processes generally use; • injection of water or natural gas into the production reservoir to replace or assist the natural reservoir drive or primary production. (www.bp.com)

10. Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) • Tertiary recovery methods areusedwhere secondary recovery methods leave-off. Three major categories; • 1) Thermal displacement • (steaminjection, in-situcombustion • 2) Chemical displacement • (polymer injection, polymer flooding and caustic flooding) • 3) Miscible displacement • (hydrocarbon displacement, CO2 injection and inert gas (nitrogen) injection (http://www.seed.slb.com/en/scictr/watch/climate_change/capture.htm)

11. Surface Handling of Well Fluids • Oil and gas are not usually salable as they come from the wellhead. • Typically, a well stream is a high-velocity, turbulent, constantly expanding mixture of hydrocarbon liquids and gases mixed with • water and water vapor, • solids such as sand and shale sediments, • sometimes contaminants such as carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide. • Several steps are necessary to get oil or gas ready to transport to its next stop

12. Surface Handling of Well Fluids • The well stream is first passed through a series of separating and treating devices; • to remove the sediments and water • to separate the liquids from the gases, • to treat the emulsions for further removal of water, solids, and undesirable contaminants. • The oil is then stabilized, stored, and tested for purity. The gas is tested for hydrocarbon content and impurities, and gas pressure is adjusted to pipeline or other transport specifications.

13. Surface Handling of Well Fluids • At the wellhead, separatorsare used to separate the remaining gas in solution by or adjusting pressure in the separator. • Water is separated due to the gravity difference. • Crude oil is fed into crude oil line. • Gas is flowed through the gas line.

14. Storage • Crude oil is stored in large tanks after produced. • Natural gas; • is liquified before storage. (Liquefied natural gas or LNG) • It is also stored in underground formations(depleted gas reservoirs, aquifers, and salt caverns). Natural gas is injected into suitable formations when demand is low. Then it is produced when demand is high.

15. Transportation • Crude oil taken from oil fields is carried to refineries near the big markets by; • Pipelinesor • Tankers depending upon whether it is being moved overland or by water. Railroad tank cars and even trucks are sometimes used to carry crude oil from the fields that cannot be reached by pipelines.

16. Transportation • NaturalGas is moved primarily by pipelines. • The gas transport system is therefore mostly on land, with collection systems, continent crossing pipelines, and local distribution systems. • Liquefied natural gas (LNG) and liquid gas products such as propane are moved by ship, barge, truck, rail and pipelines. • Compressednaturalgas(CNG)can betransportedbytank trucks.

17. Refining • Crude oil is often a dark, sticky liquid that cannot be used without changing it. • An oil refinery is an industrial process plant where cruideoilis processed and refined into more useful petroleumproductssuch as gasoline, dieselfuel, asphaltbase, heatingoiland liquefiedpetroleumgas (LPG). • The first part of refining crude oil is to heat it until it boils. The boiling liquid is separated into different liquids and gases in a distillation column.

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