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COMMUNITY- BASED CONSERVATION

COMMUNITY- BASED CONSERVATION. André Pelser 2010. THE NATURE OF CONVENTIONAL CONSERVATION POLICIES. Preservation of forests, parks, etc. Rehabilitation and improvement of degraded areas Several problems with above  developing countries Growth in number of protected areas

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COMMUNITY- BASED CONSERVATION

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  1. COMMUNITY- BASED CONSERVATION André Pelser 2010

  2. THE NATURE OF CONVENTIONAL CONSERVATION POLICIES • Preservation of forests, parks, etc. • Rehabilitation and improvement of degraded areas • Several problems with above  developing countries • Growth in number of protected areas • Growth in human population • Integrated environmental management • CBC seen as alternative conservation approach

  3. THE EARTH’S LAND

  4. OLD APPROACH OFTEN RESULTED IN… • Social dislocation • Tension and conflict • Poaching • Downward spiral in quality of life • Hostility towards conservation • Increased environmental degradation • NOT SUITABLE FOR DEVELOPING NATIONS

  5. REASONS FOR SHIFTING TO CBC • 50% of protected areas (pa’s) inhabited • community as equal partners • Central agencies often insufficient • lc’s often at the forefront of protest • Declining political support for conservation • Need to re-examine both concepts of management and conservation

  6. REASONS FOR SHIFTING TO CBC • (iii) Conservation not non-use, but sustainable utilization • CBC more cost-efficient • Local knowledge of conservation • Agenda 21 of UNCED; Rio Declaration recognize indigenous communities

  7. WHAT IS CBC? • Involvement of local communities (lc’s) in decision-making • Saving the environment with, rather from lc’s • Various options: consultation to control

  8. OLD APPROACH authoritarian emphasis on “reservation” ignored needs of local people conservation divorced from development exclude communities custodial ideology “scientific” knowledge in management NEW APPROACH progressive emphasis on “sustainable use” need-sensitive conservation integrated with development include communities greater benefits to people local knowledge in sustainable use of resources MAIN CHARACTERISTICS

  9. Three major forms of CBC • Protected area outreach • Collaborative management • Community-based Natural Resource Management

  10. THE CBC APPROACH IN SA • Outreach programmes after 1994: Social Ecology Dept. of SANP in 1994; Directorate of People and Conservation in 2003 • Community forums • Environmental education; eco-tourism; community development

  11. THE CBC APPROACH IN SA • Eco-tourism = Richtersveld; Arts & Crafts (Tsitsikamma, Wilderness, Karoo); Tourist guides (Golden Gate); Community Trust (Addo) • KZN: mussel collecting, plant nurseries; B&B accommodation • Accent on local culture • Sustainable yield basis

  12. STEPS/ISSUES TO BE CONSIDERED IN CBC WHO IS THE LOCAL COMMUNITY? • Historic relationship with land/resources • Resource-dependence • Cut-off date for claims • Physical proximity

  13. STEPS/ISSUES TO BE CONSIDERED IN CBC WHO IS THE LOCAL COMMUNITY? • Identify primary, secondary, tertiary stakeholders • Important to identify inequalities (caste, class, gender, age, etc.); • Powerful individuals can dominate process • Social analysis / PRA

  14. STEPS/ISSUES TO BE CONSIDERED IN CBC ESTABLISH A COMMUNITY PROFILE • Capacity of the community? • Ascertain traditional systems of conservation and management • Avoid devaluation of local knowledge • Social analysis / PRA

  15. STEPS/ISSUES TO BE CONSIDERED IN CBC HOW WILL LOCAL COMMUNITY ENSURE SUSTAINALE UTILIZATION? • What is to be conserved, How it is to be conserved and for Whom? • Capacity building among community • Monitoring of impact of CBC (30% of funds allocated; focus on biological and social elements of process) • I=PATS • Motivation of lc requires incentives

  16. STEPS/ISSUES TO BE CONSIDERED IN CBC ESTABLISH PARTICIPATORY INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURES • Involvement and empowerment of actual users • Exclude and regulate undesirable external influences • Consensus on the utilization of the resource • Management boards, committees etc

  17. STEPS/ISSUES TO BE CONSIDERED IN CBC DETERMINE THE ECONOMIC BENEFITS FOR THE COMMUNITY • Forest and other produce(Collecting grass etc.) • Employment(Reserve proportion of new employment opportunities for local people) • Tourism revenues • Returns from outside commercial activities(Industry and researchers should pay for LCK)

  18. FORMULATE A POLICY/LAW: MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES TO FACILITATE CBC • Three objectives: -facilitate participation; -ensuring the “ecological rights” of the lc; -regulate human activities

  19. FORMULATE A POLICY/LAW: MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES TO FACILITATE CBC Issues to be resolved • Role of “outsiders” to be clarified: “outside” projects subjected to public hearings? • Conflict resolution • Stakeholder identification/rights and roles

  20. COMMON PROBLEMS/ERRORS • Inter-and intra-community rivalry • Who constitutes a neighbouring community? • Lack of wider social support for community • Officials project their own values and priorities on lc’s

  21. COMMON PROBLEMS/ERRORS • Overlook lc’s ways of meeting their own needs • Fixation on job-creation • Overlook the social differentiation within a community

  22. Medicinal Plants • 80% in KZN use traditional medicine • 27 million in SA in one year • AIDS • 1 doctor: 20 000 people; 1 traditional healer: 500 people • 200 000-250 000 healers nationwide • Commercial traders and gatherers • 750-1100 jobs

  23. Medicinal Plants • Trade worth more than R500 million p/a • Problem • 350 plant species nationally harvested • Plant used: 4000t per year in KZN alone; 20 000t nationally

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