Thank You!!!

1. Thank You!!!

2. Assignment – HW#0

3. HW #0 • Undeclared students complete based on future major • Upper division students complete remaining semesters

4. The World Energy Challenge: A Very Brief Overview Engr 10

5. With your neighbor discuss • What are fossil fuels? • Why are they important? • Are they renewable? • Approx. what % of world energy use is fossil fuels?

6. What do you already know? Approximately what % of world energy use is fossil fuels? • 20% • 50% • 65% • 85% • 98%

7. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:World_energy_consumption_by_fuel.svghttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:World_energy_consumption_by_fuel.svg

8. https://thecurrensea.wordpress.com/

9. Energy Consumption by Region

10. Primary energy regional consumption by fuel 2015 (percentage) BP's 2015 Statistical Review of World Energy report

11. World Energy Consumption Projections EIA projects 48% increase in world energy consumption by 2040 Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, International Energy Outlook 2016

12. US Consumption Projections http://kk.org/extrapolations/energy-mix-overall-consumption-prices-emissions/

13. World Electricity Generation by Fuel Type

14. Energy Production by Region

15. Oil billion At our current rate of usage, these reserves would last 42 years. http://www.bp.com/sectiongenericarticle.do?categoryId=9023769&contentId=7044915

16. 2013 Oil billion At our current rate of usage, these reserves would last 53 years. 229.6 42.1 147.8 808.5 329.6 130.3 Source of reserves data: World Energy Resources 2013 Survey, World Energy Council.

17. BP's 2015 Statistical Review of World Energy report

18. Top Oil Producers (first 3 months 2016) US remains largest producer of oil and natural gas Data: US Energy Information Administration;

19. What We Pay for in a Gallon of Gas http://www.eia.gov/petroleum/gasdiesel/

20. Last Summer Oil Prices (/bbl) http://www.oil-price.net/

21. Today’s Oil Prices (/bbl) http://www.oil-price.net/

22. Crude Oil Prices to Increase Slightly

23. What have you heard about the Keystone pipeline? Meclee: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Keystone-pipeline-route.png

24. What do you already know? Which country is the #1 source of oil imports for the U.S.? • Russia • Saudi Arabia • Canada • Mexico • Venezuela

25. 3 out of 4 Americans think that the U.S. imports the majority of its oil from the Middle East, but it is only a quarter of U.S. oil imports. 60% of the oil that Americans use is produced in the U.S.

26. Oil Imports to US https://www.eia.gov/peTroleum/imporTs/companylevel/

27. Oil Imports to US http://www.visualcapitalist.com/animation-oil-imports-to-u-s-shifted-15-years/

28. World Natural Gas Consumption https://www.ihs.com/products/natural-gas-chemical-economics-handbook.html

29. Proven Gas Reserves BP's 2015 Statistical Review of World Energy report

30. The Amazing Rise in U.S. Proven Natural Gas Reserves and Use, Jude Clement, Forbes.com

31. FRACKING BBC News, 27 Jun 2013

32. World Coal Consumption https://notalotofpeopleknowthat.wordpress.com/2015/07/30/coal-statistics-for-2014/

33. Proven Coal Reserves

34. Fossil Fuel Depletion Good News • Continually finding new fossil fuel deposits • Many known, but untapped deposits Bad News • Fossil fuels, esp. oil and natural gas, will not last forever. • Even before they run out, as demand grows and availability shrinks, prices will skyrocket.

35. Fossil Fuel Challenges Non-renewable Depleting resources Increasing demand Is that all? http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Gulf_Offshore_Platform.jpg

36. Air Pollution Burning fossil fuels causes air pollution from waste products • Particulates: small bits of burned fuel, causing smog • Ozone: nitrogen oxide & other gases react to create ozone near the earth’s surface • Sulfur dioxide: causing acid rain • Carbon monoxide: displaces O2 in blood, deprives brain, heart, etc. of O2

37. Fossil Fuel Extraction Causes Environmental Damage • Adverse environmental effects due to drilling, leakages, and spills include • Surface and ground water pollution • Drilling fluid (called mud) releases • Land subsidence • Land and wildlife disruption • Oil spills http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn2387 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oiled_bird_3.jpg http://www.masstech.org/cleanenergy/important/envother.htm

38. Clean Air Act – We’re getting better! • Clean Air Act - resulted in significant improvements in the U.S. • Pollution 20 cars today = 1 car from 1960’s • Emissions reduced: CO by 33%, sulfur dioxide by 38%, volatile organic compounds by 42%, particulate matter by 75%, lead by 98% • Overall air pollution reduction approximately 48% • Hot spots of bad air pollution still exist http://www.dispatchesfromchina.com/2010/06/pass_the_mask.html

39. It’s Not All Good News Many developing countries do not yet have strict pollution regulations in place, and pollution is significantly worse than in the U.S. Beijing Mumbai Baku, Azerbaijan http://www.dispatchesfromchina.com/2010/06/pass_the_mask.html http://blog.sustainablog.org/do-cities-located-by-the-water-have-a-sustainability-advantage/

40. Global Warming • The theory behind global warming - an increase in certain gases will cause more heat to be reflected, increasing the atmosphere’s temperature. • Burning of fossil fuels produces significant amounts of these greenhouse gases • Conclusions of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), a group of 1,300 scientific experts from many countries: • Greater than 90% chance that human activities over the past 250 years have warmed our planet

41. Greenhouse Effect Greenhouse glass • Allows short wavelength radiation from the sun • Reflects the long wavelength radiation inside • Trapping heat inside https://globalgreening.wordpress.com/2010/01/13/

42. http://see-the-sea.org/topics/pollution/air/green-house/greenhouse_effect.htmhttp://see-the-sea.org/topics/pollution/air/green-house/greenhouse_effect.htm Greenhouse gases have this same effect, causing our world to be warm.

43. Can You Name The Main Greenhouse Gases?

44. GHGs in Atmosphere • Water Vapor (H2O) • 36%-72% • Carbon Dioxide (CO2) • Methane (CH4) • Fluorocarbons (CFCs) • Ozone (O3) • Nitrous Oxide (N2O) http://nlc-echs-groupthree.co.uk/greenhousegasses.aspx

45. Correlation Between CO2 and Temperature http://www.climatechoices.org.uk/pages/cchange3.htm

46. Correlation Between CO2 and Temperature Marian Koshland Science Museum of the National Academy of Sciences: Global Warming Facts and Our Futures, originally provided to that site by Kurt Cuffey, University of California, Berkely.

47. A climate model that includes both natural processes and human activities closely matches actual measurements of 20th-century temperatures http://www.koshland-science-museum.org/exhibitgcc/historical06.jsp The same climate model without human activity (natural processes only) does not match the strong warming observed during the past few decades.

48. Why So Much Disagreement? • Heat Island Effect • Many temperature sensors for collecting long-term data originally were in the country. As cities have grown, sensors now are in the city. Temperatures are higher in the city (example: walking in a parking lot on a hot day). • It is difficult to model this in climate change predictions. Result→ a lot of uncertainty in long-term temperature trends. Satellite data are more accurate, but are not available for that long of a period. http://www.epa.gov/heatisld/images/UHI_profile-rev-big.gif

49. Why So Much Disagreement? • Predicted temperature increases tend to be within (or close to within) the uncertainty of computer models. • Many causes interact, making it difficult to say with certainty what causes what. Computer models must be simplified significantly and cannot take all interacting parameters into account.

50. Petition Project • About 32,000 American scientists (9000+ with PhDs) signed a petition saying that no scientific evidence exists that man-made GHG emissions have had a significant effect on Earth’s temperature. • Here are several figures from a published paper that this project references. http://www.petitionproject.org/review_article.php