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“Garbage to Gas”. Team Bravo Eleftherios Avtzis David Garcia Bryan Isles Zack Labaschin Alena Nguyen Mentor Dan Rusinak. Municipal Solid Waste. EPA 2008 report on MSW generation Approximately 250 million tons of MSW generated by Americans in 2008
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“Garbage to Gas” Team Bravo EleftheriosAvtzis David Garcia Bryan Isles Zack Labaschin Alena Nguyen Mentor Dan Rusinak Che 397 - Team Bravo
Municipal Solid Waste • EPA 2008 report on MSW generation • Approximately 250 million tons of MSW generated by Americans in 2008 • ~33.2% is recycled and composited (83 million tons) • Approximately 4.5 pounds of MSW generated per person per day • 1.5 pounds of the 4.5 is recycled and composited. Che 397 - Team Bravo
Municipal Solid Waste Che 397 - Team Bravo
Why MSW? • Renewable Energy Source • Helps the Environment (CH4 emissions) • Cost effective • Transportation Reduction • Located near cities and existing infrastructure Che 397 - Team Bravo
Disadvantages of MSW • Preparation of feedstock • A lower heating value than conventional feedstocks • Higher Ash content than conventional feedstocks Che 397 - Team Bravo
Design Basis • Commercial Scale Production • 2500 metric tonnes per day MSW • 1800 metric tonnes per day Syngas • Landfill choice • Location • Proximity to City • Water Sources • Size and expansion
Design Basis River Bend Prairie Landfill 88 Acres 20 Acres of expansion Access to MSW of Chicago Rail and River access Residential Limited Expansion
Design Basis Newton County Landfill 265 Acres Room for expansion Access to MSW of South Chicago Transportation No river access
Design Basis Environmental Review Positives Removal of MSW from local landfill (75% of 2500 metric tonnes per day low end value enter gasification processing) Gasification by-products are captured and properly stored (no venting into atmospheres) Negatives 400 million lbs of hazardous waste per year (mostly ash) 100,000 lbs will need relocation (cannot be further utilized)
Design Basis Industrial Standard Review Clean Syngas produced in 2.05 ratio H2/CO for use by chemical production Clear Statement of Feedstock MSW from landfills Return to landfill includes: glass, appliances, paints or oils Metal will be recycled
Block Flow Diagram Che 397 - Team Bravo
MSW to RDF • MSW – municipal solid waste in • Sorting – removal of recycle metals and other rejects • Screening procedures • Shredding and drying • RDF – Refuse Derived Fuel out
Gasification Reactions • C is a carbon containing compound • Char reacts with CO2 and steam (gasifier) C + H2O CO + H2 + 131 MJ/kmol C + CO2CO + 172 MJ/kmol • Combustion reactor heats sand (olivine) C + ½ O2 CO - 111 MJ/kmol CO + ½ O2 CO2 - 238 MJ/kmol H2 + ½ O2 H2O - 242 MJ/kmol Che 397 - Team Bravo
Water-Gas Shift and Methane Rxns CO + H2O CO2 + H2 - 41 MJ/kmol • Slightly exothermic • Required to achieve Syn Gas ratio of 2.05 • Great opportunity for methane reforming • CH4 + H2O CO + 3H2 + 206 MJ/kmol Che 397 - Team Bravo
Composition of Syn Gas Che 397 - Team Bravo
Disadvantages of Other Processes • High pressure/Energy intensive • Lower quality raw syngas • Air or oxygen requirements • Poor scale up • Unproven technology
Advantages of TBE Process • Low pressure • Relatively low temperature • Efficient ash removal • Indirect gasification • Residence time less than one second
References • Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) to Liquid Fuels Synthesis, Volume 1: Availability of Feedstock and Technology (PNNL-18144) • Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) to Liquid Fuels Synthesis, Volume 2: A Techno-economic Evaluation of the Production of Mixed Alcohols (PNNL-18482) • www.taylorbiomassenergy.com - TBE • www.rentechinc.com - Rentech • Municipal Solid waste Generation, Recycling, and Disposal in the United States: Facts and Figures for 2008 – EPA • Higman, Christopher and van derBurgt, Maarten. Gasification 2nd Edition. Gulf Professional Publishing. Oxford, 2008. • Paisley, Mark A., Corley, Ralph N. and Dayton, David C. Advanced Biomass Gasification for the Economical Production of Biopower, Fuels, and Hydrogen. Taylor Biomass Energy