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Lecture 2

Lecture 2. Pronunciation . Pronunciations may varyfrom country to country, even in different regions of the same country . The general rule is to include the most common pronunciation. Pronunciation.

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Lecture 2

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  1. Lecture 2

  2. Pronunciation • Pronunciations may varyfromcountry to country, even in different regions of the same country. • The general rule is to include the most common pronunciation.

  3. Pronunciation • A vowel (a, e, i, o, u) gets a short pronunciation if it has no pronunciation mark over it, such as: • a as in hat • e as in met • i as in bin • o as in some • u as in run

  4. Pronunciation • short line over the vowel gives it a long pronunciation: • Ǡ as in say • Ē as in tea • Ī as in lie • Ō as in hose • Ū as in sue

  5. Soft and Hard c and g • A soft c, as in racer, will be written as s (RĀ-ser). • A hard c, as in candy, will be written as k (KAN-d ē) • A soft g, as in page, will be written as j (pāj). • A hard g, as in grow, will be written as g (grō)

  6. silent letters • A silent letter or unusual pronunciation can be a problem, especially if it appears at the start of a word that you are trying to look up in the dictionary. • The combinations in may be pronounced differently when they appear within a word, as in • apnea(AP-nē-a), meaning cessation of breathing; • nephroptosis(nef-rop-TŌsis), meaning dropping of the kidney; • prognosis (prog-NŌ-sis), meaning prediction of the outcome of disease.

  7. Symbols • Symbols are commonly used in case histories as a form of shorthand. • Some examples are L and R for • left and right; ↑ and ↓ for increase and decrease.

  8. Abbreviations • Like symbols, abbreviations can save time, but they can also cause confusion if they are not universally understood. • Usage varies in different institutions, and the same abbreviation may have different meanings in different fields. • An acronym is an abbreviation formed from the first letter of each word in a phrase

  9. Words Ending In x • When a word ending in x has a suffix added, the x is changed to a g or a c. • For example, • pharynx (throat) becomes pharyngeal (fa-RIN-jē-al), to mean “pertaining to the throat” • coccyx (terminal portion of the vertebralcolumn) becomes coccygeal (kok-SIJ-ē-al), to mean “pertaining to the coccyx” • thorax (chest) becomes thoracotomy(thor-a-KOT-ō-mē) to mean “an incision into the chest.”

  10. Suffixes Beginning With rh • When a suffix beginning with rh is added to a root, the r is doubled: • hem/o (blood) + -rhage (bursting forth) = hemorrhage (a bursting forth of blood) • men/o (menses) + -rhea (flow, discharge) = menorrhea (menstrual flow)

  11. Exercise • Pronounce the following words: • Dysfunction dis-FUNK-shun • Rheumatoid RŪ-ma-toyd • Chronologic krōn-o-LOJ-ik • Pharynx FAR-inks

  12. Pronounce the following phonetic forms • NĪ-trō-jennitrogen • SūR-fassurface • VAS-ku-larvascular • thō-RAS-ikthoracic • nar-KOT-ik narcotic

  13. Common Suffixes

  14. Noun Suffixes

  15. Write the suffix in each of the following words that means “study of,”“medical specialty,” or “specialistina field of study” Exercise

  16. Exercise

  17. Common Prefixes

  18. Prefixes for Numbers

  19. Prefixes for Colors

  20. Negative Prefixes

  21. Prefixes for Direction

  22. Prefixes for Degree

  23. Prefixes for Size and Comparison

  24. Prefixes for Time and/or Position

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