Audio format: Wire recordings

1. Audio format: Wire recordings INF 392L – Audio preservation & reformatting Susan floyd | FALL 2013

2. Wire recordings

3. Wire recordings: their inventor • ValdemarPoulsen • 1869 – 1942 • Danish engineer • Patented the Telegraphonein 1898

4. Wire recordings: HOW THEY WORK • Captures sound by passing a length of magnetized steel wire by a recording head (or vice versa). • An electrical signal fed through the recording head creates magnetization of the sound signal. • To play back, a playback head (which might be the same as the recording head, without an electric current) picks up the changes in the magnetic field from the along the wire and converts them into an electrical signal. • Can be listened to through a headset or amplifier. Poulsen’s 1898 patent drawing.

5. Wire recordings: THE EARLIEST VERSIONS • This is the magnetic wire recorder invented by Poulsenin 1898. • It is preserved at the Brede Works Industrial Museum in Lingby, Denmark.

6. Wire recordings: The earliest EXAMPLE Poulsenrecorded Austrian Emperor Franz Joseph I at the World’s Fair in Paris, 1900. Emperor Franz Joseph, 1900

7. WIRE RECORDINGS: THE TELEGRAPHONE • Poulsen’s first Telegraphonecomprised a short length of wire wrapped around a metal cylinder. • It was hand-cranked. • He also demonstrated a steel "ribbon" or tape recorder, and then a machine to record magnetically on a steel disk. All three were promoted as alternatives to phonograph-type dictating machines. • Poulsensaw the Telegraphone’s ability to record directly from telephone lines – a form of remote dictation - as a major advantage. • The Telegraphone generated a lot of excitement and was hailed as a scientific breakthrough, but was not a smash commercial success. • It was manufactured in at least two versions, one by Poulsen's workers in Denmark, and another by the American Telegraphone Company of Wheeling, West Virginia, and later Springfield, Massachusetts. Adapted from recordinghistory.com: http://www.recording-history.org/HTML/wire2.php

8. WIRE RECORDINGS: THE TELEGRAPHONE Ca. 1919 American Telegraphone Co. Manufactured in Springfield, Massachusetts Photo from aes.org: http://www.aes.org/aeshc/docs/ recording.technology.history/telegraphone.html

9. Wire recordings: LATER DEVELOPMENTS • Despite some success in office dictation, magnetic wire recording did not take off as a consumer product in the early part of the 20th century. • Events of the late 1930s spurred several inventors, university and corporate laboratories, as well as the United States military, to invest in the technology.

10. Wire recordings: The 1930s and 40s • In the 1930s, inventors and engineers at AT&T and Bell Labs improved upon Poulsen’s technology, using loops of steel tape in machines that could provide immediate playback. • Along with Western Electric, these companies tried to launch a renewed marketing campaign in the late 30s aimed at business managers, but the campaign failed. • As the United States government geared up to enter World War II, the military began to sponsor innovative research into new uses of wire recording technology.

11. Wire recordings: World war II The heater + torpedo Radar recording German-born engineer Semi J. Begun worked for the Brush Development Company of Cleveland, Ohio, where he was instrumental in making major advancements in wire recording, including experimental recorders used by the U.S. Navy during the war that were capable of recording what operators saw on radar screens – in a sense, the first video recording technology. • Bell Laboratories developed a torpedo equipped with a recording device that could be fired from a ship or submarine toward enemy territory. Upon nearing the shore, it would automatically drop anchor, float along the top of the water, and pop its top, whereupon a loudspeaker would emerge. A wire recorder would then play back sounds of a fake invasion to confuse the enemy.

12. Wire recordings: World war II War reporting Armour developed a battery-operated version for field reporting and sold $500,000-worth to the military. They hoped to market the device to domestic consumers after the war, and did so successfully for a few years (roughly 1946-1954), but the Americans’ seizure of Germans’ tape technology would, by 1955, end the heyday of magnetic wire recordings. • The Signal Corps utilized the portable wire recorder developed and manufactured by Armour Research Foundation(the laboratory arm of the Illinois Institute of Technology in Chicago). These wire recorders had an advantage over disc or optical recorders insofar as they were immune to most changes in temperature, humidity, or shocks and bumps, which were not uncommon in the field.

13. WIRE RECORDINGS: HEYDAY 1946-1954 • Consumers used home wire recorders to capture and replay their own diaries, music, greetings, and audio ephemera

14. WIRE RECORDING MACHINES German Reichhalter Reporter W102 wire recorder, ca. 1950 A Peirce 55-B dictation wire recorder,1945

15. WIRE RECORDING MACHINES Webster-Chicago 228-1 wire recorder,1951 MinifonMi51 portable recorder,germany, 1951 Image (l) via CryptoMachine.com

16. Wire recordings: AN example Edward R. Murrow’s Hear it Now on CBS – the first regularly scheduled network radio program produced and edited on wire (1950-51) Hear It Now, 1951

17. Wire recordings: AN example Family Christmas greetings, 1951 Christmas, 1951 - Nick Gent

18. Wire recordings: pros and cons Pros cons Snarled lengths of fine wire Wire breakages Comparatively low quality audio Few pre-recorded wires for purchase, especially after introduction of LP in 1948 Inferior to magnetic tape, which was being developed simultaneously and eventually superseded wire recording • Immediate playback • Sturdiness, imperviousness to temperature, humidity, knocking about • Home recording • Comparative affordability

19. WIRE RECORDINGS: THEIR REPLACEMENT MAGNETIC TAPE RECORDING

20. Bibliography • Gent, Nick. "Wire Recorder Project." Wire Recorder Project. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Sept. 2013. • "The Hear It Now Radio Program." The Definitive Hear It Now Radio Log with Edward R. Murrow. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Sept. 2013. • "Lemelson-MIT Program." Lemelson-MIT Program. N.p., Aug. 2003. Web. 23 Sept. 2013. • Morton, David. Sound Recording: The Life Story of a Technology. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2004. 73; 106-116. • "Telegraphone." Telegraphone. Audio Engineering Society, n.d. Web. 23 Sept. 2013. • "Wire Recording." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 09 May 2013. Web. 23 Sept. 2013. • "The Wire Recorder." History of the Wire Recorder. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Sept. 2013. • All images courtesy WikiCommons, except as otherwise noted.

21. THANKS!